> Where might I learn more?

the backyard ;)

My knowledge is out of date (I was in a microbiology PhD program starting in the early 2010s), but at that time, it was known that there are a whole lot out of micro-organisms out there, but many of them were probably difficult to grow as isolates in pure culture for a whole host of reasons. What people ended up doing is sequencing a ton of DNA from environmental isolates, and trying to assemble whole genomes from the 100-200 base pair sequenced DNA fragments that you would get out of a sequencer (which is challenging for a whole host of other reasons). Then, if you believed in the genome assemblies you got out of that process, you could compare those inferred genomes to known genomes, see how similar they are, guess at the metabolic pathways those organisms might possess, etc.

Not sure what the state of the field is now, and I don't really know too many specifics, because I never ended up studying too much in the way of microbial ecology. If you wanted to sequence a bunch of DNA out of environmental samples (pond water or something), you would probably search on google scholar for environmental DNA isolation to see what kind of kits people are using, and then you would probably get an Oxford Nanopore minION, make a sequencing library out of the extracted environmental DNA using their ligation sequencing kit, and then run that library on as many flow cells as you can afford (each flow cell costs ~$1000, and you sequence a library on each flow cell for 3 days to get as much sequencing data as you can). Oxford Nanopore presents a relatively low barrier to entry in comparison to the high-throughput sequencers used in academic, clinical, and Pharma settings, and it gives you sequencing reads potentially as long as the physical DNA fragments present in your sample, but it has a lower sequencing throughput in comparison to the big short-read sequencers. For this kind of metagenomic discovery work, you want as high a sequencing depth as possible, because an unknown organism might be at a low abundance in your sample compared to well-studied, common organisms, so you need more sequencing data to detect it.

Then you would run some genome assembly software (https://www.metagenomics.wiki/tools/assembly), and then look into comparing your assembled genomes to known environmental isolates, and annotate those genomes to get a sense of which enzymes are encoded by genes in the genome. That all sounds straightforward, but there are probably tons of different possible computational tools to consider.

The point is the scientist didn't know it was until after blowtorching it.

It could be serious to the mariner's wallet if these mystery critters ate up the serviceability of critical boat parts. ;@)

You're underestimating Cleveland if you think this is their first goo rodeo.

Well, for one, we've only recently started to look at the bottom of ships