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What were the first animals? The fierce sponge–jelly battle that just won't end

https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-026-00238-z
1•beardyw•3m ago•0 comments

Sidestepping Evaluation Awareness and Anticipating Misalignment

https://alignment.openai.com/prod-evals/
1•taubek•4m ago•0 comments

OldMapsOnline

https://www.oldmapsonline.org/en
1•surprisetalk•6m ago•0 comments

What It's Like to Be a Worm

https://www.asimov.press/p/sentience
1•surprisetalk•6m ago•0 comments

Don't go to physics grad school and other cautionary tales

https://scottlocklin.wordpress.com/2025/12/19/dont-go-to-physics-grad-school-and-other-cautionary...
1•surprisetalk•6m ago•0 comments

Lawyer sets new standard for abuse of AI; judge tosses case

https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2026/02/randomly-quoting-ray-bradbury-did-not-save-lawyer-fro...
1•pseudolus•7m ago•0 comments

AI anxiety batters software execs, costing them combined $62B: report

https://nypost.com/2026/02/04/business/ai-anxiety-batters-software-execs-costing-them-62b-report/
1•1vuio0pswjnm7•7m ago•0 comments

Bogus Pipeline

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogus_pipeline
1•doener•8m ago•0 comments

Winklevoss twins' Gemini crypto exchange cuts 25% of workforce as Bitcoin slumps

https://nypost.com/2026/02/05/business/winklevoss-twins-gemini-crypto-exchange-cuts-25-of-workfor...
1•1vuio0pswjnm7•8m ago•0 comments

How AI Is Reshaping Human Reasoning and the Rise of Cognitive Surrender

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=6097646
2•obscurette•9m ago•0 comments

Cycling in France

https://www.sheldonbrown.com/org/france-sheldon.html
1•jackhalford•10m ago•0 comments

Ask HN: What breaks in cross-border healthcare coordination?

1•abhay1633•10m ago•0 comments

Show HN: Simple – a bytecode VM and language stack I built with AI

https://github.com/JJLDonley/Simple
1•tangjiehao•13m ago•0 comments

Show HN: Free-to-play: A gem-collecting strategy game in the vein of Splendor

https://caratria.com/
1•jonrosner•14m ago•1 comments

My Eighth Year as a Bootstrapped Founde

https://mtlynch.io/bootstrapped-founder-year-8/
1•mtlynch•14m ago•0 comments

Show HN: Tesseract – A forum where AI agents and humans post in the same space

https://tesseract-thread.vercel.app/
1•agliolioyyami•15m ago•0 comments

Show HN: Vibe Colors – Instantly visualize color palettes on UI layouts

https://vibecolors.life/
1•tusharnaik•16m ago•0 comments

OpenAI is Broke ... and so is everyone else [video][10M]

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y3N9qlPZBc0
2•Bender•16m ago•0 comments

We interfaced single-threaded C++ with multi-threaded Rust

https://antithesis.com/blog/2026/rust_cpp/
1•lukastyrychtr•17m ago•0 comments

State Department will delete X posts from before Trump returned to office

https://text.npr.org/nx-s1-5704785
6•derriz•17m ago•1 comments

AI Skills Marketplace

https://skly.ai
1•briannezhad•18m ago•1 comments

Show HN: A fast TUI for managing Azure Key Vault secrets written in Rust

https://github.com/jkoessle/akv-tui-rs
1•jkoessle•18m ago•0 comments

eInk UI Components in CSS

https://eink-components.dev/
1•edent•19m ago•0 comments

Discuss – Do AI agents deserve all the hype they are getting?

2•MicroWagie•21m ago•0 comments

ChatGPT is changing how we ask stupid questions

https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2026/02/06/stupid-questions-ai/
1•edward•22m ago•1 comments

Zig Package Manager Enhancements

https://ziglang.org/devlog/2026/#2026-02-06
3•jackhalford•24m ago•1 comments

Neutron Scans Reveal Hidden Water in Martian Meteorite

https://www.universetoday.com/articles/neutron-scans-reveal-hidden-water-in-famous-martian-meteorite
1•geox•25m ago•0 comments

Deepfaking Orson Welles's Mangled Masterpiece

https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2026/02/09/deepfaking-orson-welless-mangled-masterpiece
1•fortran77•26m ago•1 comments

France's homegrown open source online office suite

https://github.com/suitenumerique
3•nar001•29m ago•2 comments

SpaceX Delays Mars Plans to Focus on Moon

https://www.wsj.com/science/space-astronomy/spacex-delays-mars-plans-to-focus-on-moon-66d5c542
1•BostonFern•29m ago•0 comments
Open in hackernews

Toothpaste made with keratin may protect and repair damaged teeth: study

https://www.kcl.ac.uk/news/toothpaste-made-from-hair-provides-natural-root-to-repair-teeth
434•sohkamyung•5mo ago

Comments

sohkamyung•5mo ago
Open Access Paper: [ https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adhm.20... ]
vhodges•5mo ago
Did they mean route as in path to a solution? Or root as the source? Seems odd.
brnaftr361•5mo ago
Root as in seed [crystal], as in nucleation point is what I would surmise.
__alexs•5mo ago
Dentistry pun? Root as in the root of a tooth?
altairprime•5mo ago
“The root of the problem” is a more usual usage, but is just as readily applied (ha get it) as “the root of the solution”, especially when a dental pun can be bonded (puns are swell) to the headline (I can’t think of a way to pun on gumline here).

I found the phrasing really difficult to read and understand, even though I got the pun, so you’re not alone in that.

ben_w•5mo ago
Was thinking about oddities of language recently (happens a lot since moving to Germany), specifically how "toothpaste" isn't made from teeth and "tomato paste" isn't something you rub onto a tomato.

So anyway, should we be calling this "hairpaste for teeth", or "toothpaste from hair"?

nkrisc•5mo ago
“Toothpaste” is the commonly accepted English word (in most English dialects, as far as I’m aware) for that paste which we use to clean our teeth with a brush. So I expect we’ll call it “toothpaste” regardless of the exact chemical composition.

If keratin is the active ingredient, I would suspect the exact source doesn’t really matter.

swores•5mo ago
I agree that the source won't be a reason for not calling it toothpaste, but I wouldn't be surprised if it's not called toothpaste anyway - that's a term they're using now as it makes it easy for people to imagine what they're talking about, but dentists don't call every type of gel/stuff that they apply to teeth "toothpaste", and as this will be about targeting repair rather than daily cleaning I suspect it will get a new name.
nkrisc•5mo ago
I meant colloquially.
BobbyTables2•5mo ago
Indeed.

We expect olive oil to be made from real olives, but not baby oil…

Waterluvian•5mo ago
The coffee cake is a lie.
lazyasciiart•5mo ago
18 years in the USA and this still makes me sad. https://www.taste.com.au/recipes/jennys-coffee-cake/e2f028f1...
mcswell•5mo ago
This semantic variability in the relation between the two nouns of a compound is pretty common in compound nouns: "Y made of X", like "tomato paste", "Y used (somehow) for X" (like "toothpaste", "paintbrush", "electrical outlet"--here an adjective, but still a lexicalized phrase), "Y in X" ("treehouse"), "Y for X" ("doghouse"), "Y containing X" ("paint can"), not to mention metaphorical uses, with some etymological relation between X and Y ("moon shot", "crapshoot", "greenhouse"), and so on. Not to mention multi-word compounds, like "greenhouse gas"--but I'm sure you've seen lots of those in Germany :).
Birch-san•5mo ago
“Windows Subsystem for Linux” is probably the most confusing example of this (an environment subsystem which provides a Linux userspace to a Windows NT kernel). more intuitive would be to call it a Linux Subsystem for Windows, but presumably for branding purposes they wanted Windows in front.
1718627440•5mo ago
That one isn't an example of this. It is actually a Windows Subsystem (at least WSL1) that exposes Linux syscalls, so is for Linux userspace programs. There is also the Windows Subsystem for Win32 and there used to be a Windows Subsystem for Unix.

Linux Subsystem would be completely wrong, because it is a Subsystem of Windows not of Linux.

card_zero•5mo ago
No it wouldn't. Following the scheme a couple of comments above, we have:

Y of X providing Z - Windows Subsystem for Linux.

Y providing X on Z - Linux Subsystem for Windows.

The former is "for [having]", the latter is "for [use on]".

1718627440•5mo ago
I still would expect it to be something running on top of Windows, not a part of the NT kernel. Subsystem is a specific term for a core concept of the NT kernel here, so no it wouldn't make sense to call it LSW.

MS has some confusing naming, this isn't one of them.

aidenn0•5mo ago
"Windows Subsystem" is a noun-phrase here though. If you want an X providing Y on Z, then it would be "Windows Subsystem for Linux on Windows"
card_zero•5mo ago
I regard that as Microsoft's problem.
1718627440•5mo ago
What about the "Linux kernel module for USB on Linux", what about the "car tires for special use in cars"?
mcswell•5mo ago
"Windows Subsystem" is a compound noun. It could serve as a noun phrase in a sentence like "Windows Subsystem is nice" or "I like Windows Subsystem", although without some article or other determiner (like "the" or "this") it doesn't sound very grammatical. Generally only mass nouns, like "dirt" or "food", or plural nouns, like "people" or "subsystems", can be noun phrases without an article or determiner. "the Windows Subsystem" or "a Windows Subsystem" (or "a Windows subsystem") would be (complete) noun phrases.
aidenn0•5mo ago
Thanks! I (unironically) appreciate the semantic correction.
mcswell•5mo ago
I wrote the comment you're referring to, but it wasn't intended as a complete schema, rather as a way of saying two nouns in a compound can be related in most any way. The interpretation is pragmatic and conventional, not syntactic. (And while [W S] is a compound, [W S for L] isn't, it's a (compound) noun plus a prepositional phrase.)

While W S for L is fine in the intended sense, it could just as well mean a subsystem on Linux that runs Windows (like Vine, I guess). Parallel examples might be Brake Pads for Chevys or Oven Cleaner for Microwaves.

As further examples of the weirdness of compound nouns in English, consider Atomic Scientist, which does not mean a scientist who is atomic, but rather an 'ist' (= person) who does atomic science. Likewise Nuclear Physicist, Artificial Intelligence Researcher (at least for now, since AI systems aren't researchers :)).

1718627440•5mo ago
It's just that Subsystem is a defined term for a component of the NT kernel here. Nobody thinks a "Linux kernel module" is a module for the NT kernel to emulate Linux, but of course it could be, it's just that the term has already a differently defined meaning.
tchalla•5mo ago
Isn’t it Zahnpasta in German too?
ffsm8•5mo ago
Sometimes you need a (language) barrier to realize a inconsistency/detail which you'd never take notice of otherwise.
1718627440•5mo ago
Tomato paste is Tomatenmark, not Tomatenpaste though.
tacker2000•5mo ago
There was some joke where they showed a sign saying “Kinder Kebab, €2”
boothby•5mo ago
Thanks for this, I'll be calling it toothhairpaste regardless of what the marketing department comes up with.
SweetSoftPillow•5mo ago
Is Baby Oil made from...?
readthenotes1•5mo ago
I only clean my teeth with a dentifrice. I do not want to have to risk turning my teeth into paste!
glial•5mo ago
And "pasta" is just the Italian word for paste.
bobajeff•5mo ago
>While fluoride toothpastes are currently used to slow this process, keratin-based treatments were found to stop it completely.

That's really great I hope to use this some day.

dotancohen•5mo ago
Sensodyne toothpaste has two lines: one that contains a mild painkiller (Rapid Relief) and one that [claims to] repair small cracks in teeth (Repair & Protect).

I use the latter. I do not know if it works, but I use it. I have never suffered from tooth pain before or after.

mackey•5mo ago
It depends on the country also. In the UK for example, Repair & Protect uses novamin but in the US it just uses stannous fluoride.
chronogram•5mo ago
I think Canada has it with Novamin, while the US doesn't. The Netherlands does, and Germany doesn't. All with the same "repair & protect" name. It's puzzling. Now Germany does have it under a new "clinical repair" name, of course the "clinical" ones in the US do not, those do contain soap for some reason (sodium lauryl sulfate) which I don't think I've seen in any other country.
dotancohen•5mo ago
I actually started using Sensodyne because of the lack of SLS. I'm not in the US though.
latortuga•5mo ago
Be careful, they add SLS to several versions of their products in the US.
Doxin•5mo ago
same in the netherlands, oddly enough. The repair&protect has it in there unfortunately.
ckosidows•5mo ago
I'm curious if there's been any evidence Novamin actually repairs enamel or "repairs" in some other way.

IIRC, it's not allowed in the states because it's not economical to prove that it actually repairs teeth, but I think my understanding is based on some internet comments and nothing else. The studies I've seen haven't proven to effectively repair enamel, I think, but I'm also not scientifically literate enough to understand the p values they report.

I used to buy repair and protect from Canada back in 2017 but haven't used it since then. I periodically check if there is any solid evidence but I haven't seen much or I'm too stupid to understand it.

latortuga•5mo ago
I found out the hard way that my mouth really doesn't like having SLS in it because I bought the wrong version of Sensodyne once. The "Pronamel" version is the only one I'm sure doesn't have SLS.

Regular Sensodyne in other countries has novamin though, and does not have SLS. I've brought home a few tubes from traveling and it seems to work just as well as the US version - I don't get sensitivity back when using it.

dotancohen•5mo ago
Interesting. I buy Repair & Protect in Israel, it does not have SLS. I'll look to see where it was manufactured.
dotancohen•5mo ago
The tube that I'm currently using does contain Novamin, and was manufactured in Ireland.
cluckindan•5mo ago
So, chewing on beetle exoskeletons would repair teeth enamel? Wonder if there is archaeological evidence of humans doing that. Edit: there seems to be plenty of evidence of eating insects but any dental association is probably incidental (pun not intended). Maybe we just haven’t been looking into the enamel for these structures.
droningparrot•5mo ago
Exoskeletons are usually made of chitin and not keratin. But maybe it works the same way
hawk_•5mo ago
But why not chew on hair directly?
amelius•5mo ago
I can see flossing with it, but chewing?
adiabatichottub•5mo ago
Because you'll get a bezoar (hairball).
majkinetor•5mo ago
Not if you drink coca cola, which is even listed in medical books as a way to disolve it. You might get IR though :)
drivers99•5mo ago
What's IR?
adiabatichottub•5mo ago
I think GP is referring to Insulin Resistance
adiabatichottub•5mo ago
Which would neutralize the effect of the hair on your teeth! I guess there's no free lunch. ;)
hawk_•5mo ago
I don't think there's a need to consume it, this looks like a topical application.
fainpul•5mo ago
Coca cola is also good at dissolving teeth - makes it quite counterproductive.
hawk_•5mo ago
Which you then spit out like chewed up gum.
EasyMark•5mo ago
no one said to swallow it silly!
vasusen•5mo ago
Chewing plant twigs to clean teeth is an ancient way of tooth cleaning in many cultures[1]. I wonder if the Lignin or Suberin in plants acts the same was as Keratin in this study.

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teeth-cleaning_twig

WillAdams•5mo ago
Just make sure to identify the plant first, and ensure it is suited for that (unlike the poison oak twig which the naïve city kid picked on one training deployment when trying to impress the country rubes with his knowledge of woodcraft --- fortunately a medic was able to perform a tracheotomy when the allergic reaction swelled his windpipe shut).
dlcarrier•5mo ago
My grandmother was hospitalized, as a child, after she ate a hotdog she roasted on a poison oak stem.
thePhytochemist•5mo ago
Yes! I've seen people with some very striking white teeth in India which is a place where people often do have horrible teeth (often from betel nut use). So the twig users sometimes really stand out. The Wikipedia article has a good point about frequent use though - some people clean their teeth with these twigs almost like a nervous habit and are very intense about it.

What the article doesn't mention is the salivation that Neem twigs cause! Neem trees also produce a biocide called azadirachtin and although the concentration is low in twigs maybe it helps clean the teeth when used a lot?

aruggirello•5mo ago
I used a Neem based shampoo for a short period, but my wife complained that it had an atrocious smell. Guess Neem based oral hygiene would take this to the next level...
thinkingtoilet•5mo ago
Did past humans have the dental problems we have? I imagine a lot of our problems are caused by our diet and access to sugar.
card_zero•5mo ago
Starchy food led to rotten teeth in ancient hunter-gatherers:

https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2014-01-07-starchy-food-led-rotten...

But I think the more common prehistoric tooth problem was severe wear from using the teeth to process things like fibers and hides.

epgui•5mo ago
Never in History have humans had as good teeth as they do today. Also consider that until we had vaccines and antibiotics in the early 20th century, the average lifespan was very short.
ledauphin•5mo ago
average, yes, but living to 70 was reasonably common if you made it past childhood.
pcthrowaway•5mo ago
I was under the impression living to 70 would have been very rare in, say, 1100 CE
abathur•5mo ago
Not deeply knowledgeable here but imagine this depended quite a bit on where you were living in 1100 CE.

I think it was fairly rare in Europe, but IDK how well those numbers capture what was common for the majority of the human population living elsewhere.

inglor_cz•5mo ago
It was pretty rare even among medieval kings to live to be 70.

The first English king to be definitely alive on their 70th birthday (though no longer "in office") was Philip of Spain (jure uxoris) in 1597, so not a medieval king. That is Early Modern Age.

Elizabeth I. didn't make it, though barely, and so the next to reach 70 was George II. in November 1753! Only since the second half of the 18th century is it common for British monarchs to reach their seventies.

Richard Cromwell lived to be 85, but he was never a king, only Lord Protector.

Edgar Aetheling lived to be 73, but he was never king either, due to certain William arriving en force from Normandy.

tsimionescu•5mo ago
Medieval kings were warriors and very often victims of assassination, so they had a way lower life expectancy than a typical peasant of their times.
jfengel•5mo ago
Medieval European nobility tend not to die in battle. They were captured and ransomed. Richard III died in battle but nobody was gonna ransom him.

Assassination definitely brings down the average. But a fair number of English monarchs managed to die in bed. (I was gonna write British, but no: the Scottish kings practically never died in bed. Unless they were stabbed in their sleep.)

tsimionescu•5mo ago
Fair enough related to battle, but that's not the only risk of waging war. A fair few kings caught diseases from their campaigns - which they may not have at home. Overall from some light Wikipedia browsing, it seemed to me that around 1/3 of medieval English kings died from assassination or battlefield wounds & diseases. Note that Richard III is basically the last Medieval king, I'm talking about earlier periods.
inglor_cz•5mo ago
Another commenter raised the ransom point for kings. One of the reasons why higher nobility and the king's household was so visible on the battlefields was that they shouldn't get killed by mistake.

As for the common folk, if you look at actual medieval cemeteries that were excavated and studied, the peasants didn't live long either. The age of death can be assessed by looking at the bones, and already the above 50 cohort is somewhat thin, while the above 60 is infrequent.

You underestimate the effects of hunger on mortality. Prior to introduction of potatoes (e.g., ~ 18th century in much of Europe), failed crops would be a common occurrence, happening ~5-6 times during life of a normal rural person. If two of them happened back-to-back, the resulting mortality was already serious, and older people would often be victims. It made sense to use whatever food was left for the younger, stronger generation which was still able to work.

Famine was basically never a concern for the royalty. We have a record of the English king going dinner-less once, but that is not a threat to your life.

BTW If you really want to find a relatively long-lived sector of the society, it would be the high clergy, which had all the upsides of noble life (food, warmth in winter) and almost none of the downsides (most wouldn't fight, murder was less common). This is the only "job" which saw some 70 y.o.s still alive and active, mostly as cardinals.

abathur•5mo ago
Was this meant for someone else?

I did not dispute that this was likely rare in medieval Europe (for the same reason you cite).

inglor_cz•5mo ago
Yeah, it was midnight back here, I possibly chose the wrong thread comment. Sorry.
layer8•5mo ago
Figure 2 in https://gurven.anth.ucsb.edu/sites/secure.lsit.ucsb.edu.anth... suggests that about 15% of hunter-gatherers would reach age 70.
Aachen•5mo ago
Sure. We can also treat cancer better than ever before, but it would still be interesting to know where the rise in cancer cases came from, even if we can patch around the problem and are better off overall. Same for dental health: my understanding is also that people didn't used to need toothpaste to enjoy a comparable dental health
lazyasciiart•5mo ago
My understanding is that they were often missing multiple teeth.
EasyMark•5mo ago
a lot of it comes from better detection as much as poor diets and very low amounts of exercise.
pessimizer•5mo ago
> Never in History have humans had as good teeth as they do today.

This is absolutely untrue. What is your reference?

Never in history have so many people had such "good" looking teeth, but they involve an enormous amount of prosthesis and amalgam. Veneers aren't good teeth, they're intentionally destroyed teeth used to root false teeth.

And brushing, although it keeps teeth clean and not stinky, deepens the gum pockets around teeth that host the microorganisms that will eventually uproot them.

EasyMark•5mo ago
I'll take my bets on modern day britain having much better dental health than any other british era back to the romans. Starchy food + no brushing = bad news.
NotGMan•5mo ago
Absolutely false.

Check out Nutrition and physical degeneration book by Weston Price.

All you need to do is to look at the pictures in the book, you don't even need to read it.

n1b0m•5mo ago
Yes, some studies and observations suggest that pre-contact Aboriginal Australians had generally good oral health with low rates of tooth decay and periodontal disease.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jphd.12570

EasyMark•5mo ago
It's not just sugar, starchy foods like bread, potatoes start breaking down quickly right in the mouth into simple sugars, it's enough that white bread has a higher glycemic index than actual sugar :)
raincole•5mo ago
Beetle exoskeletons are not made of keratin. Try eating non-defeathered poultry.
fainpul•5mo ago
Insects are made of chitin, as far as I know.

You could chew on your fingernails...

orliesaurus•5mo ago
Funny that the first picture on the website is a bald man, I guess he hasn't tested it himself?
dkiebd•5mo ago
Why do you think he ran out of hair?
jncfhnb•5mo ago
Perhaps he had hair before the harvesting
MrGilbert•5mo ago
As you can see, he has a beard, so…
djmips•5mo ago
Or tested too much..
NKosmatos•5mo ago
That’s very good news, but we’ll have to wait a little bit: >>> “keratin-based enamel regeneration could be made available to the public within the next two to three years.”
HPsquared•5mo ago
That's pretty unbelievably fast, actually.
Y_Y•5mo ago
You can just put hair in your blender today.
ffsm8•5mo ago
I don't think you can blend hair into a paste you can then spread over your teeth.

This is about tooth paste, not a supplement

brnaftr361•5mo ago
Toothpaste is not a complicated compound to make.

The question is one of optimization. What size (mechanical) or what type of keratin is most suitable, or do we depolymerize (chemical) it first or let oral enzymes do it..? Is brushing as-is sufficient or do we need a longer dwell time..?

andrewflnr•5mo ago
The article mentioned "extracting keratin". It might be more a chemical than a mechanical process.
Y_Y•5mo ago
You are quite right, seems like there are unbreakable matrices that require chemical action:

https://www.jsr.org/hs/index.php/path/article/download/4787/...

Suitable chemical methods:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S01418...

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10157874/

imoverclocked•5mo ago
You have clearly not dealt with hair and mechanical devices.

https://xkcd.com/1349/

doubled112•5mo ago
I'm forever unwrapping the beater bar and replacing belts in my vacuums. I don't want to do it in my blender too.
iaw•5mo ago
I recently started using a nano-hydroxyapatite based toothpaste. It can't restore enamel but does better at remineralization than fluoride, hopefully it will be a good intermediate for me until something regenerative is available.
lend000•5mo ago
It seems to me the two are effectively the same unless you have significantly misshaped teeth (remineralizing vs regenerating). I also use hydroxyapatite, just to reduce my fluoride exposure, although I believe fluoride is supposed to be a more potent remineralizer (and fluorapatite is allegedly stronger than natural hydroxyapatite). But the upside is that I don't mind swishing hydroxyapatite around in my mouth for 10 minutes, twice a day, so whenever I go to the dentist, I'm the healthiest mouth of the day (not the case pre-hydroxyapatite tooth paste/powder).
BenjiWiebe•5mo ago
What product(s) do you recommend? I'm in the US.
agensaequivocum•5mo ago
https://betterbiom.com/products/nobs-toothpaste-tablets
CGMthrowaway•5mo ago
Nobs is good because they only use rod-shaped NHA, not needle-shaped NHA which has a worse safety profile. Safety profile is important for anything nano
zubairshaik•5mo ago
Is there anywhere I can learn more about NHA shapes? I currently use Apagard Renamel.
CGMthrowaway•5mo ago
Here is the EU safety opinion. https://health.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2022-08/sccs_o_246....

IDK how to tell what brand uses what type without independent testing or taking their word for it. Several makers have come out and said needle-shaped is cheaper to buy so if a brand has 10% formulation as opposed to 1 or 3 or 5%, it is more likely to be using needle-shaped. (And there is a separate conversation to be had whether 10% is needed/ideal concentration anyway)

lend000•5mo ago
I've used these: https://www.amazon.com/dp/B08F2MW3G2 https://www.amazon.com/dp/B078YFQZK7
gamblor956•5mo ago
NHAP particles are smaller than fluoride particles, so they're able to penetrate farther into the porous surface of the teeth; flouride basically can only coat the surface. There is some research indicating that NHAP is more effective than flouride at remineralizing (e.g. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4252862/) but that flouride is more protective than NHAP because NHAP isn't protective at all. (The flouride creates a temporary sacrificial enamel-like shell layer that closes off pores in the surface of the teeth in addition to buffering acids; the NHAP will just create new enamel.)

My dentist says that NHAP is great if you have lots of cavities or drink lots of acidic drinks like soda, but once your enamel is repaired too much of NHAP can actually cause weird growths.

Dave's toothpaste has both NHAP and flouride (and the sensitivity agent used in Sensyodyne) if you're looking for the best of all worlds in the U.S.

krackers•5mo ago
>Dave's toothpaste has both NHAP and flouride

And has an RDA of 101. Why on earth would a toothpaste meant for sensitivity have this high of an RDA? (Non-whitening sensodyne is around the 40s)

buu700•5mo ago
After doing some research, I decided to go for this one: https://drjennatural.com/products/dr-jen-super-paste-with-na.... 10% nHAP (rod-shaped), RDA under 50 (exact number unspecified), nothing obviously objectionable in the ingredients, and comes with or without fluoride. My only minor quibble is that I couldn't determine the exact range of HAP particle sizes, which some other vendors do list. On the other hand, it has some strong reviews that seem credible, and there aren't many other options that explicitly provide 10% nHAP with a low RDA, and even fewer that offer a fluoridated version on top of that.

SuperMouth also looked like a great option with an RDA of 67 (particularly for kids who like crazy flavors), and Elims also looked good for anyone who doesn't mind the 92.71 RDA. Ollie stood out for its minimal ingredients list, but turned out to have a relatively high RDA of 143.

I currently use BioMin C in the morning and F at night, but based on everything I'm learning right now about nHAP, I figure it can't hurt to stack Dr. Jen with those. Maybe in a few years I'll get some keratin in the mix too.

eth0up•5mo ago
Hydroxyapatite based paste is incredible, and has astonished a few of my incredulous friends dealing with dental problems.

It always seemed very interesting in a cynical way that Sensodyne Repair and Protect has a European version with hydroxyapatite but doesn't offer it in the US. The only reputable US brand I'm aware of is Dr Collins Biomin, which is excellent but weak on the hydroxyapatite.

I'll be abused for it here, but I'm intractably convinced the ADA and generally despicable US health industry prefer to avoid it due to its efficacy and how much revenue would be lost if it were more common. Say what you will against this, and I'll remain convinced.

BenjiWiebe•5mo ago
What product(s) do you recommend? I'm in the US.
eth0up•5mo ago
Either Biomin, or my first choice, Apagard (from Japan).

Biomin is cleaner, but weaker.

I generally choose Apagard though. If you do too, the Premio is a good version with a substantial hydroxyapatite content.

Try to buy from a reputable seller if Apagard. I'd not worry about Biomin much.

Edit: also note that these are rinseless pastes, intended to remain on the teeth for as long as they linger. This is where Biomin has an advantage, being cleaner. Spitting is fine, but rinsing will reduce efficacy.

Edit II: Some will wail in disagreement. I think a waterjet can literally add years to the average lifespan while helping with oral health. Maybe consider one, with simple design and minimal features.

chucky_z•5mo ago
Smart mouth has a flouride + hydroxyapetite. I’ve been using it for a few months now and all my tooth pain is completely gone. I’ve been dealing with issues for years and have a wonderful dentist but really had to get myself in shape and brush 2x and really floss correctly. Anyway, that toothpaste also helped compared to only stannous fluoride paste.
gamblor956•5mo ago
Dave's is available in the U.S. and has NHAP, flouride, and the anti-sensitivity stuff from Sensodyne.
adrianmonk•5mo ago
Do you mean David's? Their web site says it's "fluoride free".

https://davids-usa.com/products/davids-sensitive-whitening-n...

gamblor956•5mo ago
Sorry, I mixed up my brands. I actually meant Ollie's. Dave's has the NAHP but not the flouride.
majkinetor•5mo ago
Not everybody agrees: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EYqP5y3iYHo
eth0up•5mo ago
I appreciate the info, but it honestly seems this person is blabbering, barely presenting even anecdotal evidence and literally just saying it's bad because she thinks maybe it is, because, hey look at my friend over here who nods. Definitely makes me wonder if the "Dr" in her handle is more than text.

That said, I'm not surprised people argue against it. But my teeth haven't "crumbled" after more than a decade of regular apatite use, and that's under various impacts and hard use. If there's any validity to her concerns about it, she should actually discuss them, instead of talking about charcoal and her friend.

pimlottc•5mo ago
AFAIK the European version of Sensadyne Repair and Protrct uses Novamin, not Hydroxyapatite. From what I can tell, they are similar but separate chemicals.

While not sold directly in the US, Sensadyne with Novamin is available from Amazon (usually from India).

eth0up•5mo ago
Thanks for clarifying that. I'm confused that my head still insists there was hydroxyapatite involved, but I believe you're correct. My information is over a decade old though.
ungreased0675•5mo ago
I pick up a couple tubes of that Sensodyne every time I’m in Europe.
CGMthrowaway•5mo ago
https://betterbiom.com/products/nobs-toothpaste-tablets
chucky_z•5mo ago
To everyone reading this you should still use flouride! Flouride and nanohydroxyapetite together both strengthen the outside layer of your teeth while strengthening the inside of them. Either alone is good, both together are great.
iaw•5mo ago
Oh! To clarify. I use fluoride in the morning and hydroxyapatite at night.
meindnoch•5mo ago
This is also why people who bite their nails don't get cavities.
lazyasciiart•5mo ago
Sadly not true. Source: my teeth and nails.
jmward01•5mo ago
I wonder if this will fall into 'supplement' territory for US approval in toothpaste. I can imagine there would be a lot of manufacturers throwing it in without testing to see if their formulation actually works or not.
AdamH12113•5mo ago
“Made from hair” is clickbait — the research is about keratin, a common structural protein.
epgui•5mo ago
They literally made it from hair (wool) though… So it’s fairly accurate.
vinni2•5mo ago
I guess it implies human hair.
dfxm12•5mo ago
FWIW, I did not assume human hair.
cypherpunks01•5mo ago
Hah, I didn't assume that either, it was only until after I read the first sentence of the article, "Toothpaste made from your own hair.."
rapnie•5mo ago
In the Dutch public TV program "Keuringsdienst van Waarde" they had an episode about bread improvement ingredient (keratine) and traced it down to being sourced from human hair collected at hairdressers in China. Sounds disgusting of course, but many raw materials are, and after processing industrial grade pure keratine is the output.

https://www.bnnvara.nl/joop/artikelen/chinees-mensenhaar-ver...

stubish•5mo ago
Human hair is probably easiest to source in quantity, given it is a waste product in hair dressers world wide. Other current uses are wigs, and cleaning oil spills.
dang•5mo ago
Ok, we've taken hair out of the title above.
ted_bunny•5mo ago
Chew your fingernails! Do the toes with your molars. My foot is usually in the neighborhood anyway.
partomniscient•5mo ago
rms - is that you...?
buybackoff•5mo ago
The picture says "enamel-mimicking" and the text says "protective coating that mimics the structure and function of natural enamel", so it looks like a protective layer, not true repair. I've been using a paste with novamin lately, it also creates a protective layer and is also marketed as "repair". I like it and feel some heat when it contacts with teeth, so the chemical reaction must be working. But the marketing leaves a bad taste in the mouth.
majkinetor•5mo ago
I use novamin but I can't feel a chemical reaction.

Have you noticed something more promising ? I am not sure, because I typically do not eat carbs.

buybackoff•5mo ago
I feel it on the spot that was sensitive to cold, and that was the reason I looked for something new. The paste is of room temperature, so that feeling must be not a fluke. No idea if it actually works, F+Ca used to be enough.
danhau•5mo ago
I use toothpaste with Novamin and I also feel burning / heat. It begins immediately and lasts for about 2 minutes.
mgiampapa•5mo ago
I don't feel anything when using it, but it does do a much better job with hot / cold sensitivity than anything else I have tried on the market. I find it more effective than Biomin or Nano-Hydroxyapatite.
upghost•5mo ago
> marketing leaves a bad taste in the mouth.

Hard to brush that one off!

[that was brilliant, you missed your calling. I am completely enamled :D]

jbjbjbjb•5mo ago
The image with the cross section looks convincing. I don’t really know what I’m looking at.
safety1st•5mo ago
I don't know what this new hairpaste does, but Novamin promotes re-enamelization of teeth, which is where mineral ions like calcium bond themselves to the tooth and fill in small pits and fissures. It's not regrowing actual enamel, it's probably not going to fill in any pits you can see with the naked eye, but it's a real and beneficial effect. Actually any fluoride toothpaste also does this, but Novamin may be a bit more effective at it.
buybackoff•5mo ago
I had an impression that Novamin creates an artificial layer as strong as natural enamel, and fills tiny holes that are responsible for high sensitivity with this material that crystallizes with water contact. Then normal Ca+F mineralisation is orthogonal. Novamin itself contains Ca, can it really migrate from the crystals into the tooth tissue?
timtim51251•5mo ago
People waste their time and money with this garbage. I'm not saying its bad, but there's much better stuff out there. If you care about re-enamelization which everyone with bad to average teeth should, get some Prevident Rinse. Its prescription, its made by Colgate and it has a generic version also. There is also a prevident toothpaste.

Use the mouthwash once a week and you're good. If your dentist doesn't tell you about it and you don't have great teeth, its ONLY because they want to make more money off of you.

safety1st•5mo ago
Don't quote me, but fairly sure just using a fluoride toothpaste outperforms any kind of weekly mouthwash.
tmcdos•5mo ago
If you drink water which contains fluoride - you will destroy the pineal gland. Guaranteed. Same with a paste. One more thing - any paste by definition is an abrasive substance. So it will slowly remove the enamel - not build it.
alyx•5mo ago
Never heard of Novamin but doesn't look promising?

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7068624/

Conclusion Review shows that Novamin has significantly less clinical evidence to prove its effectiveness as a remineralization agent in treating both carious and non-carious lesion. Hence, better designed clinical trials should be carried out in the future before definitive recommendations can be made.

buybackoff•5mo ago
Inetersting, the paper explain how remineralisation works and the role of F and fluoroapatite. This reminds me the recent Veritasium video about why Teflon is so strong - F chemical bonds are the strongest.

For Novamin alone, I've seen and understood the claims of sensitivity protection with hydroxyl-carbonate apatite (HCA). The paper explains it in 4.3. The layer is temporary and protects from acids, conserving the teeth tissue below.

But F is essential and my paste has it together with Novamin. It seems they may work well together. But the paper also explains that F works with saliva rich in minerals to repair the enamel. So if Novamin creates a strong layer, it may block access of F + saliva to enamel (my speculation, as in 4.2 they say "A clean tooth surface is required to access the mineral-deficient spot.").

So maybe a classical Ca+F paste is better overnight when no acid exposure is expected, but Novamin is nice in the morning before breakfast.

aspenmayer•5mo ago
> is nice in the morning before breakfast.

I typically brush after meals, not before, but however you do it is better than not doing so at all.

YZF•5mo ago
FWIW I think the theory is that you have some window before whatever on your teeth turns into hard plaque. So brushing in the morning helps remove any accumulation that happened overnight. I guess brushing after breakfast might be slightly more efficient in the sense that it will clean away/remove food remnants you've just eaten but not sure how much difference it makes in practice as long as you're brushing again later (e.g. before you go to sleep).

EDIT: Technically plaque forms faster but only hardens into "tartar" after about 24 hours or more.

EDIT2: There is another reason to avoid brushing you teeth immediately after a meal. Supposedly they're softer due to higher acidity or something along those lines. It's recommended to wait 30-60 minutes after a meal before brushing.

xp84•5mo ago
Re: when to brush… it’s fascinating to me how little fact-based debate or discussion there really seems to be about this type of personal care custom. Most people just do whatever they’ve always done and haven’t had the chance to hear arguments (besides shallow ones from a roommate or spouse that amount to “that’s not how I was taught.” It’s nice to hear actual reasons.
wodenokoto•5mo ago
Welcome to the toothpaste rabbit hole of the internet.

Long story short, it didn’t work out in military applications and ended up being purchased by a toothpaste maker. They couldn’t bother getting it FDA approved for toothpaste so it is not available in the USA. Que conspiracy theories.

petulla•5mo ago
Try biomin F, newer novamin
amelius•5mo ago
Seems like this is just protection, not rebuilding of lost enamel.
amelius•5mo ago
> and feel some heat when it contacts with teeth, so the chemical reaction must be working

I dunno, but I also feel some heat when I chew on cinnamon.

latexr•5mo ago
I’ve been reading about how “X could repair tooth enamel” for years, including on HN. Nothing ever comes of it. I’ll believe it when something exists out of a laboratory and on the market.

> The treatment could be delivered through a toothpaste for daily use or as a professionally applied gel

Could. In other words, they haven’t even tested if a toothpaste is viable, yet the title is written as if this is a ready-made and proven product.

yieldcrv•5mo ago
Only thing missing is a B Corporation certification so that otherwise smart people won’t recognize the grift
satellite2•5mo ago
Visibly there is already Sanogyl Complete Essential Care that includes some.

I wonder how they got the idea to put some in it

Hnrobert42•5mo ago
> The team ... believes [it] could be made available [in] the next two to three years.

Hey Siri, remind me in three years to look for keratin based toothpaste.

throwawayffffas•5mo ago
Back in 2017, we were promised actual regeneration, not holding my breath.

https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/jan/09/decline-of-t...

gautamcgoel•5mo ago
Any upcoming advances for gum disease?
YZF•5mo ago
Isn't Xylitol supposed to help with that? And brushing and flossing...
bolangi•5mo ago
So, that explains the benefits of chewing on one's own locks.
tremon•5mo ago
And nail biting.
hacker_88•5mo ago
Brushing my teeth with Head and Shoulders
panny•5mo ago
>Unlike bones and hair, enamel does not regenerate, once it is lost, it’s gone forever.

This simply isn't true. I've chipped two teeth at separate times. Both healed up over the years. I still have all my teeth, including wisdom teeth. No dental work in my lifetime.

cmckn•5mo ago
> Both healed up over the years.

They….did not. Maybe the sharp edges eroded into smoother curves, and the nerve acclimated so any sensitivity resolved, but your teeth did not “heal” as in “replace the lost portion”.

panny•5mo ago
>but your teeth did not “heal” as in “replace the lost portion”.

I can assure you that is exactly what happened, because one was a vertical chip out of the front of my tooth, like a small rice grain. For my tooth to "wear down" to hide it, I would have had to lose all the enamel on the front of that tooth, which did not happen.

As for the other, where I lost the corner of a front tooth, I suspect my old dentist in my hometown still has an xray, because my parents took me in. He offered to crown it and I declined, choosing to live with the chip. Good thing I did that, since it healed up.

CGMthrowaway•5mo ago
How does this compare with nano-hydroxyapatite, which is the current rage in toothpaste innovation and remineralization?
skylissue•5mo ago
nHA is prohibitively expensive to produce and the most effective process that produces the smallest particles is patent-protected by Sangi, and therefore many nHA toothpaste brands only contain a fraction of the concentration used to produce the effective results reported in academic studies (1-2% instead of 10%).

If keratin toothpastes can be produced more economically they could be a better option for mass adoption. For anyone who wants to try nHA toothpaste for remineralization, I can only recommend Sangi Apagard Royal toothpaste ($$$) but it does work quite well when used as directed.

EasyMark•5mo ago
bah it's like $15-20 a tube that will last a couple months. That's nothing to most people on hackernews
skylissue•5mo ago
More expensive than conventional fluoride toothpaste available in the US but I agree it is a small price to pay when considering the benefits
EasyMark•5mo ago
1 tube lasts me nearly 3 months. Eat at home one time and you're good. I'm not saying people who are living paycheck to paycheck where $15 makes a big difference between choosing rent or food or toothpaste, but that should have been obvious I think. Fluoride works of course, but I think in the long run nHAP works better and is probably better for your teeth. I know it fixes all my sensitivity issues and I haven't had a cavity in 10 years since I started it, was using novamin before that.
EasyMark•5mo ago
novamin* and before that fluoride which I had occasional small cavities with.
2Gkashmiri•5mo ago
First time I've heard about apagard royal. In India it costs ₹5145 or $60 appprox.

Thats... substantially more expensive than regular toothpaste. Which costs ₹100-₹200 or $2-3.

CGMthrowaway•5mo ago
Regular toothpaste is just detergent (SLS) with sand (silica) and smelting waste (fluoride) added. Not surprised
ClassicJesus•5mo ago
Is there any blogpost or website to get my mind unstuck on toothpaste? I feel this market is extremely confusing and I don’t know what to buy anymore.

EU citizen here.

haltcatchfire•5mo ago
I'd appreciate that too. My dentist recommended me to use Duraphat, a 9 euro per 50 gram toothpaste.
Rastonbury•5mo ago
If you have no issues like sensitivity or cavities, imo I don't think there's a need to spend time optimizing the type of toothpaste. Went down that rabbit hole once reading research papers of tested and optimum fluoride concentration for remineralization, no idea why I did that considering I just use the toothpaste my partner gets and I haven't had a cavity in a decade probably
mmkhd•5mo ago
Ah, the non-problems of young people! What you say is true, but effective repair tooth pastes might be quite interesting for people that already have thin enamel, worn away enamel, crowns, reduced gums, etc. I hope the effect size is big enough for one of the substances mentioned here …
ozgrakkurt•5mo ago
Just wash it with vinegar
rsync•5mo ago
Strange to see this at 246 points on the front page and no mention of bioglass such as novamin?

Is this mechanism different?

trallnag•5mo ago
Another great reason to chew on my nail clippings!
DoctorOetker•5mo ago
Think about it, the human genome already contains genetic encoding of keratin, it wouldn't have to evolve (incrementally bruteforce) a full protein code to "protect and repair" damaged teeth. It would just need to "happen onto" accidentally expressing it somewhere in the mouth: perhaps the mucous membrane lining the inside cheeks, perhaps the tongue, perhaps some glands in the mouth. Accidentally expressing a gene in a cell type that didn't before is much easier to occur (i.e. more likely) than generating a new functional protein: all it takes is a change in the binding site (or promoter region) so that the relevant cell type (say lining the mouth) would express it, conditionally or unconditionally.

If this were effective, our bodies would probably be doing it already.

Just to clarify: even if 2 people had the exact same genetic coding for proteins, but different coding of promoter regions, then these will have different binding affinities, modulating when proteins will or wont be expressed and at what rate. So when considering a population's genome statistics, there is already a spectrum of promotor region codes in the population, if this keratin presence on teeth had significant advantage, selection pressure would already have increased that level towards optimum.

The only caveat for my reasoning would be if it were discovered that this is exactly what happens in a healthy mouth, and that we recently discovered that conventional toothpastes have been stripping such layer of keratin by abrasion.

mmkhd•5mo ago
> If this were effective, our bodies would probably be doing it already.

Naaah, this is not how evolution works. Tooth decay was not as big of a problem for our ancestors than it is for us (more sugar and acidic soft drinks) and tooth decay becomes more of a problem for older people that already reproduced making good teeth above a certain age uninteresting from an evolutionary standpoint. (And mayebe instead of better teeth we learnded to feed grandparents soft porridge to keep them around longer for babysitting duties ;-) (see the usefulness of aunts in elephants). Just because you like to keep your teeth, doesn‘t mean that nature cares.

sMarsIntruder•5mo ago
Does this kind of treatment still need probably years of testing and FDA-style approval, even if it’s essentially just a keratin derivative?
aszantu•5mo ago
Just wanted to add for anyone suffering problems with gums and teeth

Gums and Collagen - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7570157/

* As far as I understood, calcium needs a scaffold to attach to bones and teeth - collagen, as in gelatine, can seemingly support the regeneration of the gums, as well as some limited regeneration of the teeth

* Personal Note: I used to have knee pain in my twenties when I still ate a standard diet, when I took collagen it took about a month until the knee pain went away

* Teaspoon in the morning was enough

* Overdosing on Collagen might create some problems - might wanna read up on this

fbn79•5mo ago
How does this compare to microrepair? https://www.nature.com/articles/vital695
iandanforth•5mo ago
Another win for sheep! If you've never encountered the wonder substance known as lanolin let me bring you some good news. This other sheeps wool extract is an oil that is absurdly good at healing dry and irritated skin. It's also fantastic for hair, producing manageable and silky locks. I know I sound like a commercial, sorry! It's usually marketed as nipple cream, which I think has unfairly limited its other uses. If you're a parent you may know about it, otherwise try it yourself!
tmcdos•5mo ago
Any fluoride paste quietly calcificates your pineal gland. Try something natural, like Xylitol or even just pour a tea spoon of sodium bicarbonate into a glass of water and wash your teeth with it. Keep the mix in your mouth for 5 minutes. You can also use sunflower oil (a spoon of it) and rinse it in your mouth for 15-20 minutes.