It is actually quite puzzling why both the Intel designers and the AMD designers have been so incompetent in specifying a "syscall" instruction, when such instructions, but well designed, had been included in many other CPU ISAs for many decades.

When not using an established operating system, where the implementation for "syscall" has been tested for many years and hopefully all bugs have been removed, there may be a reason to use the "int" instruction to transition into the privileged mode, because it is relatively foolproof and it requires a minimum amount of code to be handled.

Now Intel has specified FRED, a new mechanism for handling interrupts, exceptions and system calls, which does not have any of the defects of "int", "syscall" and "sysenter".

The first CPU implementing FRED should be Intel Panther Lake, to be launched by the end of this year, but surprisingly, recently when Intel has made a presentation providing information about Panther Lake no word was said about FRED, even if this is expected to be the greatest innovation of Panther Lake.

I hope that the Panther Lake implementation of FRED is not buggy, which could have made Intel to disable it and postpone its introduction to a future CPU, like they have done many times in the past. For instance, the "sysenter" instruction was intended to be introduced in Intel Pentium Pro, by the end of 1995, but because of bugs it was disabled and not documented until Pentium II, in mid 1997, where it finally worked.