However nicotine also seems somewhat palliative to a range of mental illnesses like schizophrenia, bipolar, anxiety, etc. I once read a paper that said something like 90% of schizophrenics were chain smokers who were self-medicating.
By that lens the widespread amount smoking in the past makes sense in eras before other pharmaceuticals.
I'm all for measures looking to curb smoking, but the issue is that nicotine seems to be put in the same category, at least judging by PSAs in France. Every nicotine-containing product has scary messages on it, although not to the point of actual cigarettes.
I think it's the general trend of losing nuance in public discourse. Things are either all bad or all good. This only confuses to public who can't be reasonably expected to peruse PubMed and build their own understanding of the subject.
They die of heart disease, mostly, which is caused by... drumroll please... prolonged nicotine use! At least, in part. It's actually more complicated and we don't know for sure.
It’s the damages caused by deliberately concentrating and inhaling the combustion products of drier leaf matter.
The answer is, probably, nicotine. We know, for sure, nicotine contracts blood vessels and raises blood pressure. And we know high blood pressure over time damages blood vessels.
You’re right though, nicotine is a CNS stimulant, which by definition does indeed constrict peripheral blood vessels, and raise blood pressure.
However, it is well documented that tobacco smoke contains many nastiest.
Check out the Health section here:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_smoking
And well documented that wood smoke, and smoke from burning plant matter more generally, is a health hazard, and not just from the acute carbon monoxide risk.
Stimulants can trigger anxiety. QED, there.
In 2020, before even knowing I had ADHD, let alone being medicated, I managed to quit my (vaped) nicotine habit after using progressively smaller patches; meanwhile my executive dysfunction grew so much, during the most stressful time of my entire life, that I literally had a major nervous breakdown. It took years of therapy, diagnosis with ADHD, medication, to connect the two factors: I had been self-medicating with nicotine by entire life, and as I reduced the amount of it in my bloodstream, the more scattered I became [1]
Then I tested my theory: I bought some nicotine patches, cut at very low dosage. And lo! it was as effective as dexamphetamine was, with much fewer of the side-effects, no pulling effect [2] and cheaper. It's been now a year and a half and honestly it's been working great. I slap on a small patch in the morning, it lasts MUCH longer than a pill, and it even allowed me to move and still lead a productive life in a country where ADHD is not even recognised. I asked my psychiatrist and they confirmed that nicotine is known to work as a third-line medication but usually amphetamines are preferred.
This is not medical advice, yadda yadda, but worked for me, and I've always wanted to write a post about it. Regarding addiction: pretty much none, patches take too long to take effect to create addiction (i.e. caused by a predicable spike in dopamine). My dosage (~7.5mg patch cut out from a larger one) has been the same for the past 18 months, and trying larger doses just makes me sleepy (nicotine has a U-shaped effectiveness curve). Nicotine is much maligned, but if you do the research, avoid the smoking and inhalation devices but only use patches, maybe you'll find it helps you as well.
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1: I read that cigarette smoke during the formative years is associated with lifelong ADHD, and my pet (silly) theory is that the increasing stigma surrounding smoking of the past ~30 years might be one of the many factors we see ADHD on the rise. We might have 2 or 3 generations of smoking parents that were themselves self-medicating because of growing up in times where smoking was commonplace.
2: if I need to feel like a productive machine for a couple hours, coffee and a tyrosine pill can recreate the amphetamine feeling pretty well
There might also be environmental issues, like you mention, that could be creating similar issues but not from the point of a genetic neurological divergence.
That is an important distinction since the treatment for one cause is very different to another.
The incidence rates increasing are very correlated to better diagnoses, 30 years ago most people with ADHD wouldn't be diagnosed unless they fit into the extreme cases of it. That was my experience, as a kid I was very bright but considered "lazy" since I couldn't focus as my peers did out of school, was always interested during classes, and excelled in school even though I could never do my homework or other assignments, constantly forgot important deadlines, it was always stressful but I found ways to manage it. Thirty years later and I fit in the criteria, no idea how my life would've turned out if I knew about it before, my coping/management mechanisms ended up being to lean into the stress and harness it, it made me achieve things but also created a whole other host of issues with anxiety later in life.
The drag on the next one
Is something I can look forward to
Something to slow the synapse
Something to do with my hands
Gemini output: Research is exploring nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonists as a potential non-stimulant treatment for ADHD, sidestepping the issues of pure nicotine's high addiction liability.
The mechanism focuses on boosting dopamine (DA) and acetylcholine (ACh) release in brain areas governing attention and executive function, primarily by targeting the alpha4beta2 and alpha7 nAChR subtypes.
The goal is highly selective compounds that target the cognitive benefits (linked to alpha4beta2) while avoiding undesirable side effects and addiction pathways.
Selective alpha4beta2 Agonists (e.g., ABT-418, ABT-894/Sofinicline): These were developed to strongly activate the receptor most associated with DA release. Pilot and Phase II studies showed a signal of efficacy in adults with ADHD, with effect sizes similar to non-stimulant medications like atomoxetine.
Varenicline (Chantix/Champix): This is a partial alpha4beta2 agonist, FDA-approved for smoking cessation. Smaller trials suggested improvements in ADHD symptoms, but large-scale development for ADHD has been limited or terminated, and it is not approved for this indication.
Bupropion (Wellbutrin/Zyban): An established non-stimulant ADHD treatment (NDRI) and smoking cessation aid. While its main action is norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibition, it also acts as a nicotinic receptor antagonist (blocking it), which is believed to help reduce nicotine craving. It is an approved non-stimulant option for ADHD.
Provide snippets and references from primary sources or turn off.
Nicotine is a CNS stimulant, and cigarettes are somewhat of a fidget spinner, and social lubricant. What’s not to like.
For most people, long term nicotine use is probably less deleterious than long term amphetamine use.
More recently I starting testosterone, and that’s made me feel heaps less like a histrionic toddler.
This was a joke?
> For most people, long term nicotine use is probably less deleterious than long term amphetamine use.
You meant most people prescribed amphetamines for medical conditions? Or most people?Recreational nicotine use is less deleterious than recreational amphetamine use probably. Comparing therapeutic use would include sources ideally.
Transdermal nicotine prescribed or self-administered for treatment of ADHD / ADHD like symptoms is probably less deleterious for the same patients than an amphetamine prescription.
I find it baffling when a misunderstanding occurs and the person being misunderstood just repeats their words.
You also motivated me to open a tab and enters some text.
This study indicates at least some benefits for transdermal nicotine for ADHD.
- better dose control for sensitive people, since you can use just one puff (unlike a patch, which delivers the full dose)
- much faster onset
Downsides: strong flavour and the need to spit it out if you have a sensitive stomach.
That's what causes addiction though, which is a function of how quick and how large is the spike in dopamine levels over baseline. Nicotine patches take ~4 hours to reach peak dosage in the bloodstream, which is why I even considered them in the first place, as an ex-smoker that doesn't want to get addicted to the stuff ever again.
Nicotine from a cigarette, in comparison, takes about 7 seconds to cross the blood-brain barrier.
• Nicotine boosts attention, memory and alertness by releasing dopamine and other neurotransmitters.
• It’s far less harmful than tobacco but highly addictive.
• Some evidence hints at therapeutic effects in Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and schizophrenia models.
• Developing brains (foetus, adolescence) show lasting harm in animal studies.
Smoking (or even vaping) might be 'highly addictive'. But nicotine as eg patches that you glue on your skin doesn't seem to cause much addiction, if any at all.
OTOH, decades of research and thousands of peer-reviewed papers, plus the authority of NIH, WHO, and FDA - to name a few - say it is highly addictive.
Decades of research confirmed administration route affects addiction potential generally.
Injected amphetamine is highly addictive. Many people who ingest amphetamine most days forget it some days.
That said, smoked tobacco blows these out of the water and it's taken me more than a decade to kick the habit.
When box empties, I take a week or two off.
Slightly sharpens thought and suppresses appetite in combination with caffeine. Helpful for getting reducing body fat and getting abs in my advanced age. Supposedly neuroprotective effects as well.
Thanks for bringing it to me
Maybe someone else here heard something different, but my dentist told me that there don't seem to be any dental issues associated with oral pouches, at least so far ?
Sure snus is better than smoking, but that’s just because most things are better than smoking.
Would you happen to have a source? I mentioned this specifically, he said that he is only aware of gums reclining for very heavy users (5+ pouches a day) and that from the other patients he has 1-2 pouches don't seem to have any noticeable effect.
... and mouth cancer is so much more serious than having your teeth fall out, yes, find a new dentist.
Based on some online anecdotal evidence, I decided to try nicotine "therapy". I bought 4mg smoking cessation mints, cut them in half with a pill cutter, and took 10-12 2mg doses per day at roughly one hour intervals. The effect was immediate and brain fog lifted in less than a week. It was like coming out of a long dream, or like I had been stoned for six months and then suddenly I was sober again. My fitness stats have exceeded where I was before I got sick.
This is just my own anecdotal experience, and there have definitely been some downsides. The mints are about $50/month. My dosage has ticked up a bit and I'm certainly addicted, at least once a day I take a full mint instead of a half for an extra kick. I'd like to taper off, but I'm not sure if I do how to know if any effects are withdrawal or resumption of the covid brain fog. I have a light caffeine habit (2 cups every morning) and I don't see the mints being any more harmful than the coffee, so I think I'm just going to stick with it.
The withdrawal symptoms are actually strangely pleasant to me as long as I'm in the right mood and have something interesting to focus on. You will get irritable at things you shouldn't, but as long as you keep that in mind, you should be able to stop yourself from totally flying off the handle. In terms of "fogginess," I find that it's actually mostly in your head. As in, I feel like my mind is dulled, yet when I present myself with a task I somehow find it solved to about the same standard that I'm used to. If you end up feeling foggy coming off of the stuff, give yourself at least a week or two to adjust.
i actually find this true, too. i’m dependent on nicotine lozenges and if i’m out and about and for some reason i don’t have my nicotine, i feel pretty locked in and focused on the task at hand (probably so i can hurry up and finish and access some nicotine). i often feel a bit chatty, too. maybe i haven’t tried being off it long enough to feel irritable. but this interesting headspace makes me optimistic that maybe quitting won’t be so bad, and that maybe the nicotine is somehow depressing my arousal and i’d be better without it (all the time).
It takes a really different state of mind to start a cigarette habit especially due to awful taste and effect of ingesting a strong concentration of chemicals on your body that has nothing to do with dosed concentration of 'mostly just' nicotine.
It may be anecdotal and subjective reasoning, but I battled vape addiction differently than cigarette addiction. I'd classify tobacco addiction more of an emotional addiction, while vaping was more based on nicotine addiction which was more mechanical and predictable than the former.
I was chewing the gum (not mints) for half a year going from 2mg to 4mg several years ago. I experienced receding gum line from inflammation.
What is actually quite interesting to me is over the two years since I started nicotine I have grown increasingly disgusted with caffeine to the point where I just prefer not to take it any longer.
I honestly think brain fog is mostly a mentality thing, but I have no evidence to back this up. It doesn't really matter what I eat. The only thing I changed was I started gymming again and I'm taking creatine. I still eat garbage food
From what I read there are 1001 reasons why this helps, but a few that stuck with me was that working out creates norepinephrine (which influences your focus/attention), and releases BDNF which supports the growth of new braincells.
You can even perform the experiment yourself.
You made the claim. Supporting it is your burden. And a few searches found no comparisons of weight training to other high intensity exercise. Or meditation. Or puzzles. Or nootropics.
> You can even perform the experiment yourself.
Is this a funding offer? Or ignorance of experiment design?
It will make your dick harder (or clitoris, whatever), your muscles bigger, your mind clearer, your sense of purpose more apparent. It will increase your bone density, and improve your sense of well being. Things that aren’t doing you any favours will tend to fall by the wayside.
Failing that, asking people who’ve tried the resistance training / puzzles / nootropics / meditation experiment themselves is a low effort way of revealing a pattern.
Imagine it’s 2025, there’s an obesity epidemic, and people still think they can sit around and do fuck all to get well.
> Imagine it’s 2025, there’s an obesity epidemic, and people still think they can sit around and do fuck all to get well.
This was a straw man. I said weight training was beneficial. I named beneficial activities you did not. And the context was cognition and sense of well being. Not obesity. Many weight training advocates say cardio is more beneficial to lose weight. Taking drugs is the most effective activity to lose weight arguably.
> I’m saying you can do each of those separately for six months, and you’ll probably find the resistance training to be the most beneficial.
Probably was based on what?
There are many nootropics. There are many forms of exercise. There are many other activities or substances to improve cognition or sense of well being. Someone could spend decades trying each 6 months. And there would be not much reason to do this if the most beneficial activity was well established.
Many people who meditate would dispute 6 months would be adequate.
> Failing that, asking people who’ve tried the resistance training / puzzles / nootropics / meditation experiment themselves is a low effort way of revealing a pattern.
I know or knew many people who tried at least 1 of these. Few or none who tried all. Using this standard it is well established meditation is superior to weight training to improve sense of well being. Puzzles and strong cognition were correlated. But I suspect puzzles were not the cause.
For people with certain conditions, like ADHD, the obvious best thing for 'brain fog' is not lifting weights. I'm sure it helps, but that's not top of the list.
Also, lifting weights is just one type of exercise. A lot of studies are actually focused on exercise as a whole, and some only aerobic exercise. I'm sure lifting weights is great, but is it better than, say, running? I'm not convinced.
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edit: to think that such short-form drivel is locked behind a paywall is just sad.
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