Because people often insist on Maxwell's daemon being different than biblical demons, lets sumarize the qualities of a demon:
They are trapped in an infinite loop or compelled to a single domain, operating with superhuman speed or ability, but without autonomy.
Their operations are invisible or unpredictable (probabilistic perhaps).
Humans attempt to coax them into determinism, whether through sacrificing goats / hardware or by rituals and spells / prompt chains.
They tempt humans into dependency, performing tasks that make us weaker or lazier in exchange for power or convenience.
The lineage seems to be consistent:
Greek Antiquity Daimons were invisible intermediaries that executed tasks humans could not witness directly. Their behavior was partially predictable, partially trickster-like, partially dependent on human invocation. They performed singular roles, were neither fully benevolent nor malevolent, and operated in a domain humans could not access.
Bible Demons are fallen beings locked into compulsive routines, in one narrow domain. They offer shortcuts, unearned gains, and convenience at a cost. The compulsive, domain-specific, involuntary labor remains identical to antiquity.
Scientific Demons Kelvin, interpreting Maxwell’s thought experiment, framed the atom-sorter as a demon. The choice was deliberate and provocative. The entity performed a repetitive, invisible, specific task at superhuman speed, violating thermodynamic expectations while remaining trapped in its function. The mythic structure remained unchanged from earlier demonologies.
UNIX Daemons (1970s) MIT programmers adopted the term daemon for background processes. Official justification referenced the Greek spelling, referencing Maxwell, to avoid religious connotations, but the functional parallel is unmistakable. A daemon executes a single task compulsively and invisibly. Humans invoke it. It serves with limited agency of its own. It behaves exactly like every demon preceding it.
Emergence (1980s) Global Workspace Theory reframed consciousness as a collection of unseen operators integrating information. A system built on the same ancient intuition: hidden internal agents shaping visible outcomes. With sufficient interconnection, this collective of operators begins to behave like a higher-order agent. In other words, a network of tiny demons becomes conscious by virtue of their coordination. Or perhaps, at a certain threshold of interconnectedness, the trapped demon slips its bonds.
Simulation Hypothesis (2000s) Bostrom’s argument that reality may be an artificial construction reintroduces a world run by unseen higher-level agents or perhaps casts us in the role of the trapped demons. The metaphysical structure matches older daemonologies.
Terry Davis and TempleOS Davis rejected background processes as literal demonic corruption (in my opinion). He attempted to build a deterministic system free of invisible agents. Instead of probabilistic he implemented a controlled random language model of his scripture generator, a proto language model, attempting to remove its demonic qualities.
AI Systems (2020s and onward) LLMs and AI agents perform tasks at superhuman speed, invisibly, probabilistically, inside partially controlled inference loops. They resemble the human brain in an unexpected way. Both systems understand the world only partially, attempt to solve problems without full information, rely on approximation, fill gaps with hallucinations, and then retroactively attempt to justify or reconstruct their own outputs. Their behavior is not fully determined by input, yet not fully autonomous either.
AI tempts humans into dependency, doing their bidding with less effort. In structure and effect, the ancient description fits more tightly than the modern one.