I was most interested in how this might impact use of fentanyl in hospital settings, if they can’t reliably know if it will be effective. Are the current systems for tracking vaccine administration good enough to solve for this?

my immediate question was whether fentanyl is unique in that a vaccine can be developed for it. From [1] we read "Vaccines for cocaine, methamphetamine, nicotine and others have all been tested in rats and, in some cases, people."

Reading further, [1] says these vaccines have not yet been successful.

[1] https://theconversation.com/a-new-fentanyl-vaccine-looks-pro...