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1•matthewsharpe3•24m ago•0 comments
Open in hackernews

Kilobyte is precisely 1000 bytes

https://waspdev.com/articles/2026-01-11/kilobyte-is-1000-bytes
18•surprisetalk•1h ago

Comments

jachee•1h ago
The entire reason "storage vendors prefer" 1000-based kilobytes is so that they could misrepresent and over-market their storage capacities, getting that 24-bytes per-kb of expectation-vs-reality profit.

It's the same reason—for pure marketing purposes—that screens are measured diagonally.

dr_zoidberg•59m ago
Not sure about that, SSDs historically have followed base-2 sizes (think of it as a legacy from their memory-based origins). What does happen in SSDs is that you have overprovisioned models that hide a few % of their total size, so instead of a 128GB SSD you get a 120GB one, with 8GB "hidden" from you that the SSD uses to handle wear leveling and garbage collection algorithms to keep it performing nicely for a longer period of time.
quotemstr•51m ago
Sounds like an urban legend. How likely is it that the optimal amount over-provisioning just so happens to match the gap between power-ten and power-two size conventions?
direwolf20•44m ago
It doesn't, but it's convenient.
nerdsniper•42m ago
It doesn't, there's no singular optimal amount of over-provisioning. And that would make no sense, you'd have 28% over-provisioning for a 100/128GB drive, vs 6% over-provisioning for a 500/512GB drive, vs. 1.2% over-provisioning for a 1000/1024GB drive.

It's easy to find some that are marketed as 500GB and have 500x10^9 bytes [0]. But all the NVMe's that I can find that are marketed as 512GB have 512x10^9 bytes[1], neither 500x10^9 bytes nor 2^39 bytes. I cannot find any that are labeled "1TB" and actually have 1 Tebibyte. Even "960GB" enterprise SSD's are measured in base-10 gigabytes[2].

0: https://download.semiconductor.samsung.com/resources/data-sh...

1: https://download.semiconductor.samsung.com/resources/data-sh...

2: https://image.semiconductor.samsung.com/resources/data-sheet...

(Why are these all Samsung? Because I couldn't find any other datasheets that explicitly call out how they define a GB/TB)

recursive•1h ago
I'm suprised they didn't mention kibibyte. (Edit: they did) There are plenty of applications where power-of-2 alignment are useful or necessary. Not addressing that and just chastising everyone for using units wrong isn't particularly helpful. I guess we can just all switch to kibibytes, except the HDD manufacturers.
dr_zoidberg•1h ago
It's at the end, in the "What are the standards units?" section.
recursive•1h ago
So it does. I guess I skimmed a little too hard.
AntiRush•1h ago
The second half of the article is entirely about kibibyte and the other IEC units.
nerdsniper•50m ago
We can, but we won't. At least not any time soon. For the foreseeable future, kilobyte will remain an ambiguous term, and kibibyte will very often not be used when someone is referring to 1024 bytes.
dboreham•1h ago
Just to show that disinformation exists in every field.
nerdsniper•57m ago
Edit: I'm wrong. Older experience has corrected me - there has always been ambiguity (perhaps bifurcated between CPU/OS and storage domains). "And that with such great confidence!", indeed.

The article presents wishful thinking. The wish is for "kilobyte" to have one meaning. For the majority of its existence, it had only one meaning - 1024 bytes. Now it has an ambiguous meaning. People wish for an unambiguous term for 1000 bits, however that word does not exist. People also might wish that others use kibibyte any time they reference 1024 bytes, but that is also wishful thinking.

The author's wishful thinking is falsely presented as fact.

I think kilobyte was the wrong word to ever use for 1024 bytes, and I'd love to go back in time to tell computer scientists that they needed to invent a new prefix to mean "1,024" / "2^10" of something, which kilo- never meant before kilobit / kilobyte were invented. Kibi- is fine, the phonetics sound slightly silly to native English speakers, but the 'bi' indicates binary and I think that's reasonable.

I'm just not going to fool myself with wishful thinking. If, in arrogance or self-righteousness, one simply assumes that every time they see "kilobyte" it means 1,000 bytes - then they will make many, many failures. We will always have to take care to verify whether "kilobyte" means 1,000 or 1,024 bytes before implementing something which relies on that for correctness.

Dwedit•45m ago
At least it's not a total bizarro unit like "Floppy Disk Megabyte", equal to 1024000 bytes.
cedilla•44m ago
You've got it exactly the wrong way around. And that with such great confidence!

There was always a confusion about whether a kilobyte was 1000 or 1024 bytes. Early diskettes always used 1000, only when the 8 bit home computer era started was the 1024 convention firmly established.

Before that it made no sense to talk about kilo as 1024. Earlier computers measured space in records and words, and I guess you can see how in 1960, no one would use kilo to mean 1024 for a 13 bit computer with 40 byte records. A kiloword was, naturally, 1000 words, so why would a kilobyte be 1024?

1024 bearing near ubiquitous was only the case in the 90s or so - except for drive manufacturing and signal processing. Binary prefixes didn't invent the confusion, they were a partial solution. As you point out, while it's possible to clearly indicate binary prefixes, we have no unambiguous notation for decimal bytes.

Sophira•35m ago
> Early diskettes always used 1000

Even worse, the 3.5" HD floppy disk format used a confusing combination of the two. Its true capacity (when formatted as FAT12) is 1,474,560 bytes. Divide that by 1024 and you get 1440KB; divide that by 1000 and you get the oft-quoted (and often printed on the disk itself) "1.44MB", which is inaccurate no matter how you look at it.

card_zero•7m ago
I'm not seeing evidence for a 1970s 1000-byte kilobyte. Wikipedia's floppy disk page mentions the IBM Diskette 1 at 242944 bytes (a multiple of 256), and then 5¼-inch disks at 368640 bytes and 1228800 bytes, both multiples of 1024. These are sector sizes. Nobody had a 1000-byte sector, I'll assert.
angst_ridden•28m ago
It was earlier than the 90s, and came with popular 8-bit CPUs in the 80s. The Z-80 microprocessor could address 64kb (which was 65,536 bytes) on its 16-bit address bus.

Similarly, the 4104 chip was a "4kb x 1 bit" RAM chip and stored 4096 bits. You'd see this in the whole 41xx series, and beyond.

pdw•7m ago
Even then it was not universal. For example, that Apple I ad that got posted a few days ago mentioned that "the system is expandable to 65K". https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Apple_1_...
happytoexplain•41m ago
Good lord, arrogance and self-righteousness? You're blowing the article out of proportion. They don't say anything non-factual or unreasonable - why inject hostility where none is called for?

In fact, they practically say the same exact thing you have said: In a nutshell, base-10 prefixes were used for base-2 numbers, and now it's hard to undo that standard in practice. They didn't say anything about making assumptions. The only difference is that that the author wants to keep trying, and you don't think it's possible? Which is perfectly fine. It's just not as dramatic as your tone implies.

adammarples•23m ago
I don't read any drama or hostility, just a discussion about names. OP says that kilobyte means one thing, the commenter says that it means two things and just saying it doesn't can't make that true. I agree, after all, we don't get to choose the names for things that we would like.
nerdsniper•22m ago
I'm not calling the author arrogant or self-righteous. I stated that if a hypothetical person simply assumes that every "kilobyte" they come across is 1,000 bytes, that they are doomed to frequent failures. I implied that for someone to hypothetically adhere to that internal dogma even in the face of impending failures, the primary reasons would be either arrogance or self-righteousness.
amelius•38m ago
At this point I just wish 2^10 didn't end up so close to 1000.
hackyhacky•29m ago
To avoid confusion, I always use "kilobyte" to refer to exactly 512 bytes.
amelius•37m ago
Are you talking about imperial or metric kilobyte?
pif•26m ago
> The wish is for "kilobyte" to have one meaning.

Which is the reality. "kilobyte" means "1000 bytes". There's not possible discussion over this fact.

Many people have been using it wrong for decades, but its literal value did not change.

bigstrat2003•23m ago
In computers, "kilobyte" has a context dependent meaning. It has been thus for decades. It does not only mean 1000 bytes.
pif•15m ago
I understand the usual meaning, but I use the correct meaning when precision is required.
marssaxman•21m ago
That is a prescriptivist way of thinking about language, which is useful if you enjoy feeling righteous about correctness, but not so helpful for understanding how communication actually works. In reality-reality, "kilobyte" may mean either "1000 bytes" or "1024 bytes", depending on who is saying it, who they are saying it to, and what they are saying it about.

You are free to intend only one meaning in your own communication, but you may sometimes find yourself being misunderstood: that, too, is reality.

pif•15m ago
I understand the usual meaning, but I use the correct meaning when precision is required.
happytoexplain•11m ago
The line between "literal" and "colloquial" becomes blurred when a word consisting of strongly-defined parts ("kilo") gets used in official, standardized contexts with a different meaning.

In fact, this is the only case I can think of where that has ever happened.

pif•24m ago
> Edit: I'm wrong.

You need character to admit that. I bow to you.

kmm•54m ago
And a megabyte is depending on the context precisely 1000x1000=1,000,000 or 1024x1024=1,048,576 bytes*, except when you're talking about the classic 3.5 inch floppy disks, where "1.44 MB" stands for 1440x1024 bytes, or about 1.47 true MB or 1.41 MiB.

* Yeah, I read the article. Regardless of the IEC's noble attempt, in all my years of working with people and computers I've never heard anyone actually pronounce MiB (or write it out in full) as "mebibyte".

pif•22m ago
> I've never heard

It doesn't matter. "kilo" means 1000. People are free to use it wrong if they wish.

quotemstr•50m ago
It's too late. Powers-of-two won. I'm the sort of person who uses "whom" in English, but even I acknowledge that using "KB" to mean 1,000, not 1,024, can only breed confusion. The purpose of language is to communicate. I'm all for pedantry when it's compatible with clarity, but we can't reconcile the two goals here.
digiown•46m ago
Is it? Outside of Windows, I rarely ever see KB used to mean 1024 anymore. Linux and Mac usually uses KB for 1000, and "K" or "Ki" or "KiB" for 1024.
none_to_remain•37m ago
KiB is a an abbreviation for "kilobyte" which emphasizes that it means 1024.
hnlmorg•32m ago
No it’s not. KiB is an abbreviation for kibibyte

Eg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobyte

none_to_remain•14m ago
Those silly words only come up in discussions like this. I have never heard them uttered in real life. I don't think my experience is bizarre here - actual usage is what matters in my book.
astrobe_•46m ago
... And a hacker is precisely a cyber-criminal.
mc32•45m ago
One thing that annoys me is:

Why don’t kilobyte continue to mean 1024 and introduce kilodebyte to mean 1000. Byte, to me implies a binary number system, and if you want to introduce a new nomenclature to reduce confusion, give the new one a new name and let the older of more prevalent one in its domain keep the old one…

gizmo686•40m ago
Because kilo- already has a meaning. And both usages of kilobyte were (and are) in use. If we are going to fix the problem, we might as well fix it right.
mc32•35m ago
Sure outside of computing in other science it has a meaning but in binary computing traditionally prefix + byte implied binary number quantities.

Many things acquire domain specific nuanced meaning ..

floren•20m ago
And yet in computing, a 1kHz clock is still 1000 cycles per second, and 1 MFLOP is still 1,000,000 floating-point operations per second.
pdw•18m ago
Even in computing the binary definition is only used with memory sizes. E.g. storage, network speeds, clock rates use the standard definition.
pif•17m ago
> Why don’t kilobyte continue to mean 1024

Because it never did!

jasperry•44m ago
I agree in principle, but does anyone else feel super awkward saying "mebibyte" and "gibibyte"?
cmovq•43m ago
The mistake was using the "Kibi" prefix. "Kibibyte" just sounds a bit silly when said out loud.
robobro•29m ago
Does it really matter if it sounds silly?
Blackthorn•26m ago
Considering it meant people didn't use it, yes.
none_to_remain•39m ago
I like how the GNU coreutils seem to have done. They use real, 1024-byte kilobytes by default, but print only the abbreviation of the prefix so it's just 10K or 200M and people can pretend it stands for some other silly word if they want.

You can use `--si` for fake, 1000-byte kilobytes - trying it it seems weird that these are reported with a lowercase 'k' but 'M' and so on remain uppercase.

goodcanadian•28m ago
. . . it seems weird that these are reported with a lowercase 'k' but 'M' and so on remain uppercase.

For SI units, the abbreviations are defined, so a lowercase k for kilo and uppercase M for mega is correct. Lower case m is milli, c is centi, d is deci. Uppercase G is giga, T is tera and so on.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units#...

none_to_remain•25m ago
Of course! I was being silly and just thinking of "k" for the smaller one and "K" for the bigger one.
EuanReid•2m ago
Upper-K is for Kelvin, so can't be mixed in as a prefix in case someone decides to commit physics crimes and talk about temperature-mass (Kkg).
pif•21m ago
> They use real, 1024-byte kilobytes

You don't need to show your ignorance this clearly!

encomiast•36m ago
I've tried this approach with Lowes when I buy 2x4s. About as effective.
mrb•32m ago
Whenever this discussion comes up I liked to point out that even in the computer industry, prefixes like kilo/mega/etc more often mean a power of 10 than a power of 2:

I gave some examples in my post https://blog.zorinaq.com/decimal-prefixes-are-more-common-th...

nayuki•8m ago
Nice page, and nice link to Colin Percival's page too! Let me toss you one example: CDs are marketed in mebibytes. A "650 MB" burnable CD is actually 650 MiB ≈ 682 MB, and likewise for "700 MB" being actually 700 MiB ≈ 734 MB. DVD and BD do use metric prefixes correctly, like you pointed out.
nayuki•27m ago
> 1 kilobyte is precisely 1000 bytes

Agreed. For the naysayers out there, consider these problems:

* You have 1 "MB" of RAM on a 1 MHz system bus which can transfer 1 byte per clock cycle. How many seconds does it take to read the entire memory?

* You have 128 "GB" of RAM and you have an empty 128 GB SSD. Can you successfully hibernate the computer system by storing all of RAM on the SSD?

* My camera shoots 6000×4000 pixels = exactly 24 megapixels. If you assume RGB24 color (3 bytes per pixel), how many MB of RAM or disk space does it take to store one raw bitmap image matrix without headers?

The SI definitions are correct: kilo- always means a thousand, mega- always means a million, et cetera. The computer industry abused these definitions because 1000 is close to 1024, creating endless confusion. It is a idiotic act of self-harm when one "megahertz" of clock speed is not the same mega- as one "megabyte" of RAM. IEC 60027 prefixes are correct: there is no ambiguity when kibi- (Ki) is defined as 1024, and it can coexist beside kilo- meaning 1000.

The whole point of the metric system is to create universal units whose meanings don't change depending on context. Having kilo- be overloaded (like method overloading) to mean 1000 and 1024 violates this principle.

If you want to wade in the bad old world of context-dependent units, look no further than traditional measures. International mile or nautical mile? Pound avoirdupois or Troy pound? Pound-force or pound-mass? US gallon or UK gallon? US shoe size for children, women, or men? Short ton or long ton? Did you know that just a few centuries ago, every town had a different definition of a foot and pound, making trade needlessly complicated and inviting open scams and frauds?

pif•19m ago
For all the people commenting as if the meaning of "kilo" was open to discussion... you are all from the United States of America, and you call your country "America", right?
sebtron•11m ago
A metric kilobyte is 1000 bytes. An imperial kilobyte, on the other hand, is 5280 bytes.
nayuki•3m ago
Nah, an imperial kilobyte is 5280 bits. That's way more plausible.
lr1970•7m ago
<joke> How to tell a software engineer from a real one? A real engineer thinks that 1 kilobyte is 1000 bytes while software engineer believes that there are 1024 meters in a kilometer :-) </joke>