A solution for this in my opinion, is the same solution that everybody and their dog is afraid of taking their job: llms.

I'm not taking about "chatgpt, write me an android clone, make no mistakes". But large software projects do not have to be a solely large player game anymore. I think that with much and much less resources, there can be new alternative phone os'es either or not even based on android.

The biggest issue is market share and lock-in where this problem falls into. But this happens in every monopoly that exists. The technical barrier not a technical problem anymore, its now a political one.

Then do not use Android, some Chinese phone or iPhone