Sonarqube or CodeQL reports might tell me what percentage of a repo is duplicated code, and a large percentage of that is in src/test/java

I find that a lot of the time this is not just some flippant observation but a clue that I should be using a mechanism like @ParameterizedTest instead of @Test, so I rewrite those tests in a way that makes them easier to set-up, define parameters/constraints, inputs, and outputs. Sometimes it does get a little convoluted as you either use a lot of naked Arguments.of() or define test-class-scoped nested records to encapsulate test parameters, inputs, expected outputs, etc.

In Rust or Go there’s super clear test markers or filenames.

In Javascript it would have to detect the framework in use then detect test files and tests embedded in program files.

And so forth.

Are you doing any call sequencing heuristics? Like if the same 5 calls (with different args) appear in the same order in multiple places (even in test files) that might be a strong signal for deduplication. Or even if the same 5 calls are in the same order with a couple different interleaved calls - the fuzziness of the heuristic might be something tunable to a language, or particular codebase, or framework, etc.