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The Microstructure of Wealth Transfer in Prediction Markets

https://www.jbecker.dev/research/prediction-market-microstructure
45•jonbecker•1h ago

Comments

jonbecker•1h ago
tl;dr

dataset: 72.1m trades and $18.26b volume on kalshi (2021-2025)

core findings:

longshot bias: well documented longshot bias is present on kalshi. low probability contracts are systematically overpriced. contracts trading at 5 cents only win 4.18% of the time.

wealth transfer: liquidity takers lose money (-1.12% excess return) while liquidity makers earn it (+1.12%).

optimism tax: the losses are driven by a preference for "yes" outcomes. buying "yes" at 1 cent has a -41% expected value. buying "no" at 1 cent has a +23% expected value.

category variation: finance markets are efficient (0.17% maker-taker gap) while high-engagement categories like media and world events are inefficient (>7% gap).

mechanism: makers do not win by out-forecasting takers. they win by passively selling "yes" contracts to optimistic bettors

KPGv2•57m ago
This reminds me of the old scheme where if you just bet against ND football you'd make money because ND fans were so rabid that the "ND is good" positions became overpriced.
hbarka•27m ago
Yes, in the study they pinpointed this beautifully: “A fan betting on their team to win the championship is not calculating expected value; they are purchasing hope.”
tasuki•56m ago
I wish I had read the comments (ie your comment, as it's the only one now) before reading the article!
TZubiri•45m ago
I don't think that makers sell "yes" they take both ends of the bet, but they make more money on selling yes,apparently.
snovv_crash•40m ago
The question is how long this alpha continues to exist...
hbarka•35m ago
> Optimism tax: the losses are driven by a preference for "yes" outcomes. buying "yes" at 1 cent has a -41% expected value. buying "no" at 1 cent has a +23% expected value.

This is interesting and makes a statement about positive or negative orientation in human psychology. Also, couldn’t the bets just be worded in the negative instead of the affirmative thus flipping the optimism bet?

LeifCarrotson•42m ago
I'm a little confused by the "Yes" versus "No" asymmetry.

For example, one of the top trending ~~bets~~ markets right now is on whether Miami or Indiana will win the NCAA football championship tonight. You can either take "Yes" on Indiana at 74c, or "No" at 27c, or you can take "Yes" on Miami at 27c or "No" at 74c. Or, there's another potential outcome - you can also bet on a tie at 10c yes/91c no.

Is this research suggesting that an optimistic Miami fan can somehow get a better return by buying "No" on Indiana than a "Yes" on Miami?

Why is Kalshi structured with these yes vs. no options for all outcomes?

postflopclarity•39m ago
> Why is Kalshi structured with these yes vs. no options for all outcomes?

it's basically how they do margin. otherwise you wouldn't be able to sell / post asks without already having a long position. for kalshi, it's actually one single security in the background they just present it as two order books (but really it's one). for polymarket, they are two distinct products that trade separately, and technically could have arbitrage between them. although in practice they're normally priced correctly to sum to 1 (or 1.01)

TaylorPhebillo•36m ago
How do prediction markets account for interest rates? I feel like I should be willing to pay no more than ~96 cents for a contract that will definitely resolve to a dollar in a year. Who puts up the other 4 cents?
computerphage•31m ago
The usual thing is that the market ends up around $0.95 for things like that, if the actors are all solid investors. It only takes one overly enthusiastic yes buyer to break that ceiling, the smart money won't "correct" it down to $0.95

There's another idea, which is make contacts that pay out in shares of an ETF, but I haven't seen this idea put into practice

lowbatt•30m ago
that's correct. Also Kalshi does pay out interest on, and Poly does on a few markets
samvimes•26m ago
Kalshi pays interest on open positions
jebarker•31m ago
I wonder how much of the activity on prediction markets these days is competing LLM scripts? I would guess the overlap in prediction market punters and AI boomers is high.
lowbatt•27m ago
It'd be a good way to lose money at the moment. Probably not too far off in the future it would make sense though
kwar13•28m ago
This article lacks even the most basic understanding of probability and statistics. Slot machines "93 cents on the dollar" return is a statistical certainty of 7% loss. You are playing a repeated game which by the law of large numbers will converge to the 93% probability.

In prediction markets if the markets are fully efficiently priced, in the absence of transaction costs you WILL get 100% back in the long run.

Slots are also unskilled games, prediction markets clearly some participants have a clear market edge, thus not efficiently priced.

kibwen•13m ago
> In prediction markets if the markets are fully efficiently priced, in the absence of transaction costs you WILL get 100% back in the long run.

This is basically equivalent to the observation that, in a perfectly efficient market, no entity can ever make a profit.

And yet, in the real world, entities make profits all the time. In fact, they make wild, unimaginable, world-changing, history-altering profits. This is a tacit admission that our markets aren't even remotely efficient, and that includes predictions markets. Efficient, rational markets are the exception, not the rule.

Retric•2m ago
You misunderstood a basic principle here.

In a perfectly efficient market all entries can make the same profit on a given investment.

pjc50•8m ago
So clearly the market isn't efficiently priced.
simonw•13m ago
I'm getting some really skeezy ads for prediction markets on TikTok at the moment, the message is effectively "hey, are you broke? earn $50+/day on Kalshi!"
renewiltord•4m ago
The Polymarket twitter accounts are massive ragebaiters. This is sports betting with some two minutes hate added in.

I have to say I was this huge fan of the idea and I didn’t anticipate it would happen like this.

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