In case you haven't looked at the article, this is looking specifically at the Edge Coloring problem and not the more commonly known Vertex Coloring problem. Vertex Coloring is NP-complete unfortunately.
erikvanoosten•6mo ago
You can convert edge coloring problems into vertex coloring problems and vice versa through a simple O(n) procedure.
But the opposite is not true, because not every graph is a line graph of some other graph.
erikvanoosten•6mo ago
Indeed. Thanks, I stand corrected.
tonyarkles•6mo ago
Hrm... right. It's been a while. And it looks like both Vertex Coloring and Edge Coloring are both NP-complete (because of the O(n) procedure you're talking about and the ability to reduce both problems down to 3-SAT). I've started looking closer at the actual paper to try to figure out what's going on here. Thanks for the reminder, I miss getting to regularly work on this stuff.
Edit: thanks sibling reply for pointing out that it's not a bidirectional transform.
mauricioc•6mo ago
For the edge-coloring problem, the optimal number of colors needed to properly color the edges of G is always either Delta(G) (the maximum degree of G) or Delta(G) + 1, but deciding which one is the true optimum is an NP-complete problem.
Nevertheless, you can always properly edge-color a graph with Delta(G) + 1 colors. Finding such a coloring could in principle be slow, though: the original proof that Delta(G) + 1 colors is always doable amounted to a O(e(G) * v(G)) algorithm, where e(G) and v(G) denote the number of edges and vertices of G, respectively. This is polynomial, but nowhere near linear. What the paper in question shows is how, given any graph G, to find an edge coloring using Delta(G) + 1 colors in O(e(G) * log(Delta(G))) time, which is linear time if the maximum degree is a constant.
Syzygies•6mo ago
Yes. The article ran through this point as follows:
"In 1964, a mathematician named Vadim Vizing proved a shocking result: No matter how large a graph is, it’s easy to figure out how many colors you’ll need to color it. Simply look for the maximum number of lines (or edges) connected to a single point (or vertex), and add 1."
I keep wondering why I ever read Quanta Magazine. It takes a pretty generous reading of "need" to make this a correct statement.
JohnKemeny•6mo ago
Not really. Coloring a graph is almost always talking about proper coloring, meaning that things that objects that are related receive different colors.
If you read the introduction, you'll also read that the goal is to "color each of your lines and require that for every point, no two lines connected to it have the same color."
Ps. "How many colors a graph needs" is a very well established term in computer science and graph theory.
mockerell•6mo ago
I think the comment referred to the phrase „a graph needs X (colors or whatever)“. For me, this can be read two ways: 1. „a graph always needs at least X colors“ or 2. „a graph always needs at most X colors“.
Personally, I would interpret this as option 1 (and so did the comment above I assume). In that case, the statement is wrong. But I’d prefer to specify „at most/ at least“ anyways.
Or even better, use actual vocabulary. „For every graph there exists a coloring with X colors.“ or „any graph can be coloured using X colors“.
PS: I also agree with the sentiment about quanta magazine. It’s hard to get some actual information from their articles if you know the topic.
JohnKemeny•6mo ago
What about this statement:
No matter how large a car is, it is easy to figure out how much money you'll need to buy it. Simply look at the price tag.
(From: No matter how large a graph is, it’s easy to figure out how many colors you’ll need to color it. Simply look for the maximum ...)
mauricioc•6mo ago
Parent's point is that sometimes (but not always) the store is perfectly fine selling you a car for $1 less than what the "price tag" of Delta(G)+1 dollars asks for, so "need" is a bit inaccurate.
phkahler•6mo ago
Is this going to lead to faster compile times? Faster register allocation...
john-h-k•6mo ago
Very few compilers actually use vertex coloring for register allocation
isaacimagine•6mo ago
Totally. The hard part isn't coloring (you can use simple heuristics to get a decent register assignment), rather, it's figuring out which registers to spill (don't spill registers in hot loops! and a million other things!).
NooneAtAll3•6mo ago
and this post isn't even about vertex coloring
DannyBee•6mo ago
No.
In SSA, the graphs are chordal, so were already easily colorable (relatively).
Outside of SSA, this is not true, but the coloring is still not the hard part, it's the easy part.
tonyarkles•6mo ago
erikvanoosten•6mo ago
meindnoch•6mo ago
But the opposite is not true, because not every graph is a line graph of some other graph.
erikvanoosten•6mo ago
tonyarkles•6mo ago
Edit: thanks sibling reply for pointing out that it's not a bidirectional transform.
mauricioc•6mo ago
Nevertheless, you can always properly edge-color a graph with Delta(G) + 1 colors. Finding such a coloring could in principle be slow, though: the original proof that Delta(G) + 1 colors is always doable amounted to a O(e(G) * v(G)) algorithm, where e(G) and v(G) denote the number of edges and vertices of G, respectively. This is polynomial, but nowhere near linear. What the paper in question shows is how, given any graph G, to find an edge coloring using Delta(G) + 1 colors in O(e(G) * log(Delta(G))) time, which is linear time if the maximum degree is a constant.
Syzygies•6mo ago
"In 1964, a mathematician named Vadim Vizing proved a shocking result: No matter how large a graph is, it’s easy to figure out how many colors you’ll need to color it. Simply look for the maximum number of lines (or edges) connected to a single point (or vertex), and add 1."
I keep wondering why I ever read Quanta Magazine. It takes a pretty generous reading of "need" to make this a correct statement.
JohnKemeny•6mo ago
If you read the introduction, you'll also read that the goal is to "color each of your lines and require that for every point, no two lines connected to it have the same color."
Ps. "How many colors a graph needs" is a very well established term in computer science and graph theory.
mockerell•6mo ago
Personally, I would interpret this as option 1 (and so did the comment above I assume). In that case, the statement is wrong. But I’d prefer to specify „at most/ at least“ anyways.
Or even better, use actual vocabulary. „For every graph there exists a coloring with X colors.“ or „any graph can be coloured using X colors“.
PS: I also agree with the sentiment about quanta magazine. It’s hard to get some actual information from their articles if you know the topic.
JohnKemeny•6mo ago
No matter how large a car is, it is easy to figure out how much money you'll need to buy it. Simply look at the price tag.
(From: No matter how large a graph is, it’s easy to figure out how many colors you’ll need to color it. Simply look for the maximum ...)
mauricioc•6mo ago