In short, the manuscript looks like a genuine text, not like a random bunch of characters pretending to be a text.

<quote>

Key Findings

* Cluster 8 exhibits high frequency, low diversity, and frequent line-starts — likely a function word group

* Cluster 3 has high diversity and flexible positioning — likely a root content class

* Transition matrix shows strong internal structure, far from random

* Cluster usage and POS patterns differ by manuscript section (e.g., Biological vs Botanical)

Hypothesis

The manuscript encodes a structured constructed or mnemonic language using syllabic padding and positional repetition. It exhibits syntax, function/content separation, and section-aware linguistic shifts — even in the absence of direct translation.

</quote>

This looks very interesting - nice work!

I have no background in NLP or linguistics, but I do have a question about this:

> I stripped a set of recurring suffix-like endings from each word — things like aiin, dy, chy, and similar variants

This seems to imply stripping the right-hand edges of words, with the assumption that the text was written left to right? Or did you try both possibilities?

Once again, nice work.

Maybe I missed it in the README but how did you do the initial encoding for the "words"? so for example, if you have ""okeeodair" as a word, where do you map that back to original symbols?

UMAP or TSNE would be nice, even if PCA already shows nice separation.

Reference mapping each cluster to all the others would be a nice way to indicate that there's no variability left in your analysis

I’ve found this to be one of the most interesting hypotheses: http://voynichproject.org/

The author made an assumption that Voynichese is a Germanic language, and it looks like he was able to make some progress with it.

I’ve also come across accounts that it might be an Uralic or Finno-Ugric language. I think your approach is great, and I wonder if tweaking it for specific language families could go even further.

I strongly believe the manuscript is undecipherable in the sense thats it's all gibberish. I can't prove it, but at this point I think it's more likely than not to be hoax.

A point of note is that the text embeddings model used here is paraphrase-multilingual-MiniLM-L12-v2 (https://huggingface.co/sentence-transformers/paraphrase-mult...), which is about 4 years old. In the NLP world, that's effectively ancient, particularly as the robustness of even small embeddings models due to global LLM improvements has increased dramatically both in information representation and distinctiveness in the embedding space. Even modern text embedding models not explicitly trained for multilingual support still do extremely well on that type of data, so they may work better for the Voynich Manuscript which is a relatively unknown language.

The traditional NLP techniques of stripping suffices and POS identification may actually harm embedding quality than improvement, since that removes relevant contextual data from the global embedding.

The best work on Voynich has been done by Emma Smith, Coons and Patrick Feaster, about loops and QOKEDAR and CHOLDAIIN cycles. Here's a good presentation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SCWJzTX6y9M Zattera and Roe have also done good work on the "slot alphabet". That so many are making progression in the same direction is quite encouraging!

https://www.voynich.ninja/thread-4327-post-60796.html#pid607... is the main forum discussing precisely this. I quite liked this explanation of the apparent structure: https://www.voynich.ninja/thread-4286.html

> RU SSUK UKIA UK SSIAKRAINE IARAIN RA AINE RUK UKRU KRIA UKUSSIA IARUK RUSSUK RUSSAINE RUAINERU RUKIA

That is, there may be 2 "word types" with different statistical properties (as Feaster's video above describes)(perhaps e.g. 2 different Cyphers used "randomly" next to each other). Figuring out how to imitate the MS' statistical properties would let us determine cypher system and make steps towards determining its language etc. so most credible work's gone in this direction over the last 10+ years.

This site is a great introduction/deep dive: https://www.voynich.nu/

Wasn't it already deciphered, though?

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/368991190_The_Voyni...

I see that you're looking for clusters within PCA projections -- You should look for deeper structure with hot new dimensional reduction algorithms, like PaCMAP or LocalMAP!

I've been working on a project related to a sensemaking tool called Pol.is [1], but reprojecting its wiki survey data with these new algorithms instead of PCA, and it's amazing what new insight it uncovers with these new algorithms!

https://patcon.github.io/polislike-opinion-map-painting/

Painted groups: https://t.co/734qNlMdeh

(Sorry, only really works on desktop)

[1]: https://www.technologyreview.com/2025/04/15/1115125/a-small-...

> "New multispectral analysis of Voynich manuscript reveals hidden details"

https://arstechnica.com/science/2024/09/new-multispectral-an...

but imagine if it was just a (wealthy) child's coloring book or practice book for learning to write lol

Would analysis of a similar body of text in a known language yield similar patterns? Put it in another way, could you use this type of an analysis on different types of text help understand what this script describes?

(I know nothing about NLP)

Does it make sense to check the process with a control group?

E.g. if we ask a human to write something that resembles a language but isn’t, then conduct this process (remove suffixes, attempt grouping, etc), are we likely to get similar results?

TIL about the Voynich manuscript. Fascinating. Thank you.

The link to the write-up seems broken, can you write the correct one?

How expensive is a "brute force" approach to decode it? I mean, how about mapping each unknown word by a known word in a known language and improve this mapping until a 'high score' is reached?

what I'd expect from a handwritten book like that, if it is just a gibberish, and not a cypher of any sorts - the style, calligraphy, the words used, even letters themselves should evolve from page 1 to the last page. Pages could be reordered of course, but it still should be noticeable.

Unless author hadn't written tens of books exactly like that before, which didn't survive, of course.

I don't think it's a very novel idea, but I wonder if there's analysis for pattern like that. I haven't seen mentions of page to page consistency anywhere.

Being from the 15th Century the obvious reason to encrypt text was to avoid religious persecution during "The Inquisition". So it would be interesting to run the same NLP against the Gospels and look for correlations with that. You'd want to first do a 'word'-based comparison, and then a 'character'-based comparison. I mean compare the graphs from Bible to graphs from Voynich.

Also there might be some characters that are in there just to confuse. For example that bizarre capital "P"-like thing that has multiple variations seems to appear sometimes far too often to represent real language, so it might be just an obfuscator that's removed prior to decryption. There may be other characters that are abnormally "frequent" and they're maybe also unused dummy characters. But the "too many Ps" problem is also consistent with just pure fiction too, I realize.

Sorry to burst your bubble:

It's not a cipher, it was written by an Egyptian Hebrew speaking traveller, and Rainer Hannig and his wife were able to build up a fairly good grammar before he died two years ago. [1] the general issue of the manuscript itself is that it's evolving in its grammar and ethymological use of words, as the traveller picked up various words and transferred meanings along the way.

But, given that your attempt tries to find similarities between proto languages that were mixed together, this could be a great thing to study/analyze the evolution of languages over time, given that you're able to preserve bayesian inference on top.

[1] https://www.rainer-hannig.com/voynich/