@attr.s
    class C:
        x = attr.ib()

That API was always polarizing, some loved it, some hated it.

I will point out though, that it predates type hints and it was an effective way to declare classes with little "syntax noise" which made it easy to write but also easy to read, because you used the import name as part of the APIs.

Here is more context: https://www.attrs.org/en/stable/names.html

I REGRET NOTHING

The code does also need to be understandable by other humans, but that is not its primary purpose.

For context: https://fsharpforfunandprofit.com/posts/designing-with-types...

So both the storage and presentation layer are strings, but they differs. So to reconcile both, you need an intermediate layer, which will contains structures that are the domain models, and logic that manipulate them. To jump from one layer to another you map the data, in this example, string to structs then to string.

With MVC and CRUD apps, the layers often have similar models (or the same, especially with dynamic languages) so you don't bother with mapping. But when the use cases becomes more complex, they alter the domain layer and the models within. So then you need to add mapping code. Your storage layers may have many tables (if using sql), but then it's a single struct at the domain layer, which then becomes many models at the presentation layer with duplicate information.

NOTE

That's why a lot of people don't like most ORM libraries. They're great when the models are similar, but when they start to diverge, you always need to resort to raw SQL query, then it becomes a pain to refactor. The good ORM libraries relies on metaprogramming, then they're just weird SQL.

The way the different classes are associated with each other by method calls makes evidednt a kind of "theory" of our system, what kind of objects there are in the system what operations they can perform returning other types of objects as results and so on. So it looks much like a "theory" might in Ecological Biology, m ultiple species interacting with each other.

In that model, you can navigate from anywhere to anywhere by following references.

The domain model, at least from a DDD perspective, is different in at least a couple of ways: your domain classes expose business behaviours, and you can hide certain entities as such.

For example, imagine an e-commerce application where you have to represent an order.

In the DB model, you will have the `order` table as well as the `order_line` table, where each row of the latter references a row of the former. In your domain model, instead, you might decide to have a single Order class with order lines only accessed via methods and in the form of strings, or tuples, or whatever - just not with an entity. The Order class hides the existence of the order_line table.

Plus, the Order class will have methods such as `markAsPaid()` etc, also hiding the implementation details of how you persist this type of information - an enum? a boolean? another table referencing rows of `order`? It does not matter to callers.

There’s no one data model ideal for all scenarios — so why not have a different model for each scenario? Then I just need to figure out a way to transform between one model and the next, and whatever logic depending on that idealized data model can now be implemented fairly simply (since that’s the nature of a good data model - the rest of the logic often just falls out).

So the data model you’re using then is localized to the domain/subject in question. You’re just transitioning the data between models as needed. A domain just being an arbitrary context — the persistence layer, or the UI logic, or even specific like I want my model for an accountant to reflect how an accountant UI page would organize it because I only understand 30% of what they’re asking me to do so keeping it “in their terms” makes things much easier to implement blindly. Or perhaps the primary purpose of this particular function is various aggregations for reporting, so I start off by organizing my dataset into a hierarchy that largely aligns with the aggregation groups. Once it’s aligned properly, the aggregation logic itself becomes utterly trivial to express

You could even say that every time you query the database beyond a single table select *, you’re creating a new domain-specific data model. You’re just transforming from the original table representations to a new one.

All domain modeling is specifically choosing a representation that best fits the logic you’re about to write, and then figuring out how to take the model you have and turn it into the model you want. Everything else on the subject is just implementation detail.

Impedance mismatch, ORM, type generators, query parameterisation, async, etc... all stem from treating data as this "external" thing instead of the beating heart of the application.

It terrifies me to say this, but sooner or later someone is going to cook up a JavaScript database engine that also has web capability, along with a native client-side cache component... and then it'll be curtains for traditional databases.

Oh, the performance will be atrocious and grey-bearded wise old men will waggle their fingers in warning, but nobody will care. It'll be simple, consistent, integrated, and productive.