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2025: The Year in LLMs

https://simonwillison.net/2025/Dec/31/the-year-in-llms/
98•simonw•2h ago•45 comments

I canceled my book deal

https://austinhenley.com/blog/canceledbookdeal.html
330•azhenley•7h ago•219 comments

Scientists unlock brain's natural clean-up system for new treatments for stroke

https://www.monash.edu/pharm/about/news/news-listing/latest/scientists-unlock-brains-natural-clea...
67•PaulHoule•4h ago•10 comments

Warren Buffett steps down as Berkshire Hathaway CEO after six decades

https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2025-12-31/warren-buffett-steps-down-as-berkshire-hathaway...
371•ValentineC•4h ago•224 comments

Show HN: BusterMQ, Thread-per-core NATS server in Zig with io_uring

https://bustermq.sh/
17•jbaptiste•1h ago•1 comments

Resistance training load does not determine hypertrophy

https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/JP289684
51•Luc•3h ago•49 comments

All-optical synthesis chip for large-scale intelligent semantic vision

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adv7434
56•QueensGambit•6h ago•9 comments

GoGoGrandparent (YC S16) Is Hiring Tech Leads

https://www.ycombinator.com/companies/gogograndparent/jobs/w2jGKM7-gogograndparent-yc-s16-is-hiri...
1•davidchl•1h ago

Observed Agent Sandbox Bypasses

https://voratiq.com/blog/yolo-in-the-sandbox/
26•m-hodges•3d ago•13 comments

Demystifying DVDs

https://hiddenpalace.org/News/One_Bad_Ass_Hedgehog_-_Shadow_the_Hedgehog#Demystifying_DVDs
106•boltzmann-brain•2d ago•8 comments

On privacy and control

https://toidiu.com/blog/2025-12-25-privacy-and-control/
143•todsacerdoti•7h ago•77 comments

My role as a founder-CTO: year 8

https://miguelcarranza.es/cto-year-8
97•ridruejo•5d ago•88 comments

The Delete Act

https://privacy.ca.gov/drop/about-drop-and-the-delete-act/
100•weaksauce•2h ago•51 comments

Ÿnsect, a French insect farming startup, has been been placed into liquidation

https://techcrunch.com/2025/12/26/how-reality-crushed-ynsect-the-french-startup-that-had-raised-o...
65•fcpguru•5d ago•69 comments

The compiler is your best friend

https://blog.daniel-beskin.com/2025-12-22-the-compiler-is-your-best-friend-stop-lying-to-it
137•based2•10h ago•89 comments

Nerd: A language for LLMs, not humans

https://www.nerd-lang.org/about
28•gnanagurusrgs•1h ago•49 comments

PyPI in 2025: A Year in Review

https://blog.pypi.org/posts/2025-12-31-pypi-2025-in-review/
43•miketheman•7h ago•10 comments

Scaffolding to Superhuman: How Curriculum Learning Solved 2048 and Tetris

https://kywch.github.io/blog/2025/12/curriculum-learning-2048-tetris/
119•a1k0n•10h ago•27 comments

Akin's Laws of Spacecraft Design (2011) [pdf]

https://www.ece.uvic.ca/~elec399/201409/Akin%27s%20Laws%20of%20Spacecraft%20Design.pdf
265•tosh•16h ago•81 comments

Web Browsers have stopped blocking pop-ups

https://www.smokingonabike.com/2025/12/31/web-browsers-have-stopped-blocking-pop-ups/
58•coldpie•8h ago•51 comments

Show HN: Use Claude Code to Query 600 GB Indexes over Hacker News, ArXiv, etc.

https://exopriors.com/scry
303•Xyra•18h ago•112 comments

When square pixels aren't square

https://alexwlchan.net/2025/square-pixels/
109•PaulHoule•12h ago•53 comments

Show HN: Frockly – A visual editor for understanding complex Excel formulas

39•jack_ruru•6d ago•9 comments

The most famous transcendental numbers

https://sprott.physics.wisc.edu/pickover/trans.html
140•vismit2000•13h ago•83 comments

Microtonal Spiral Piano

https://shih1.github.io/spiral/
73•phoenix_ashes•5d ago•13 comments

How AI labs are solving the power problem

https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/how-ai-labs-are-solving-the-power
121•Symmetry•12h ago•202 comments

Stewart Cheifet, creator of The Computer Chronicles, has died

https://obits.goldsteinsfuneral.com/stewart-cheifet
198•spankibalt•8h ago•59 comments

Nvidia GB10's Memory Subsystem, from the CPU Side

https://chipsandcheese.com/p/inside-nvidia-gb10s-memory-subsystem
70•ingve•13h ago•6 comments

Doom in Django: testing the limits of LiveView at 600.000 divs/segundo

https://en.andros.dev/blog/7b1b607b/doom-in-django-testing-the-limits-of-liveview-at-600000-divss...
168•andros•3d ago•49 comments

Iron Beam: Israel's first operational anti drone laser system

https://mod.gov.il/en/press-releases/press-room/israel-mod-and-rafael-deliver-first-operational-h...
78•fork-bomber•11h ago•105 comments
Open in hackernews

Resistance training load does not determine hypertrophy

https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/JP289684
51•Luc•3h ago

Comments

hazard•2h ago
tldr appears to be that if you work to fatigue it doesn't matter if you fatigue out with high weights vs low weights
chrishare•2h ago
When training for muscle size atleast, but not strength. Presumably there are increased injury risks overall when lifting heavy (based on a brief search).
vlod•1h ago
I agree with this, but for those newbies be careful at what you define as "failure".

I've f.up my MCL by not listening to my body and I have the stability of a typical 85 year old while I try and 'heal'. It takes longer as you get older (you're probably not 20 year old) and stupid stuff can really take you out.

teecha•39m ago
fairly new to lifting myself (2+ years taking it seriously) but this thing seems to jive with what I've read across different areas

bodybuilders can build muscle size with high reps and lower weight or lower reps and high weight as long as they do it close to failure with only a few reps in reserve (rir)

powerlifters, or those focusing on strength, usually go for high weight and lower reps because they might be training for a competition that focuses on 1 rep max and/or the body can really only handle so many reps when pushing it at 80-90% of 1 rep max

neither is inherently better but a matter of what goals you have in mind, plus, hypertrophy contributes to overall strength, too

Analemma_•2h ago
I know it's practically de rigeur to jump into the comments and immediately complain about methodology for any study that makes it to the front page, and I want to emphasize I don't distrust their findings, but I would like to see an equivalent study go out longer than 10 weeks. When I've been taking weightlifting seriously I feel like I don't even start to notice hypertrophy until 8-10 weeks. I feel like 6 months is the actual period where results would matter, to me, but I assume "subject compliance" is pretty difficult to get for such a timeframe, if you're really watching dietary intake and ensuring subjects go to failure (which, to its credit, this study did).
mf_tomb•1h ago
This is par for the course with exercise science. It's mostly fake. No blinding, small sample sizes, researchers with agenda, low duration, low funding etc. The good news is that doing almost anything works.
armcat•2h ago
I thought it was already well understood/researched that it's not the weights that matter, but effectively taking your sets to muscular failure. While one might think "I can do 50 reps with low weights" there is practical aspects to this - you don't wand to spend hours at the gym, and doing heavy weights at 5-7 reps is sufficient as long as you are close or at muscular failure.
xnx•2h ago
Well understood, but not widely known. The myths and superstitions around anything health related are frustratingly durable.
elevaet•1h ago
What about the old gym adage "training to failure is failing to train" - is there any physiological basis for this, or is it mental, or just a myth?
kace91•1h ago
I’ve never heard that, it’s usually the opposite- people do strip sets and the like to reach failure
wswope•1h ago
That’s a Pl/Oly mindset rather than a BB/hypertrophy mindset. Totally valid advice in the right context.

Long story short, failed reps get much more risky and problematic as the weight you’re lifting approaches your 1RM.

teecha•27m ago
not an expert, 2 years of serious lifting, but this is probably a good adage for the average person from my current understanding

training to failure puts you at higher risk of injury and there are diminishing returns as you approach your 1 rep max and/or failure

hypertrophy can happen with more reps or more weight

strength gains are usually just focused on progressive overload

though, of course, hypertrophy will happen either way and contributes to increased strength, but this seems to be further confirmation that you can gain muscle size either way

nzeid•3m ago
It's definitely way more nuanced than that. You have to approach exhaustion to get the body to eventually build strength. But you need to carefully time your rests/deloads and handle plateaus with more volume.
kace91•1h ago
>While one might think "I can do 50 reps with low weights"

The caveat is that you need anaerobic training. Low enough weight and it’s cardio, you don’t get giant legs by walking to failure for example.

amelius•1h ago
How about making muscles fail by stretching them under load?
jimbo808•1h ago
Sounds like a great way to injure yourself, also would only work for eccentric motion
amelius•1h ago
To me it doesn't sound much different than "taking your sets to muscular failure".
jimbo808•58m ago
Not all muscles resist extension, some do the opposite and contract.
mrob•1h ago
Depending on what you mean by "fail" and "stretching", that sounds a lot like eccentric training [0] (a.k.a. "negatives"). It's effective but notorious for causing delayed onset muscle soreness.

I trained myself to do pull-ups using this method, repeatedly lowering myself in a controlled motion from the top position while I was too weak to actually pull myself up.

[0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eccentric_training

vasco•1h ago
> Loads for each set were adjusted to ensure that volitional fatigue was reached within 8–12 and 20–25 repetitions for the HL and LL limbs, respectively

I would argue both categories of the study are about low reps. I don't see how the body would tell the difference between 12 and 25 reps. If you said between 5 and 500, like it has to meaningfully take much longer, otherwise why would doing something so similar have any meaningful difference?

The way I think about it is that nature mostly reacts to order of magnitude changes. 12 to 25 is the same thing.

Like why not make a study to see if its more nutritious to eat dinner in 15 or 20 minutes?

pjc50•1h ago
This is spoken like you've never done any reps at all?
vasco•40m ago
There's not much difference in hitting max at 12 and at 25, from anecdotal experience. The study corroborated that as well, even though with small n.
mnky9800n•52m ago
I feel like I would definitely notice if I went from 12 to 25 reps on any exercise I do. Although typically I max out at 8 before adding more weight.
weinzierl•2h ago
If I read this correctly the gist is that it does not matter if you use heavy weights with few reps (common body builder wisdom) or lighter weights with more reps. As long as you always exercise to complete muscle fatigue you'll get the maximum for your genetics (which itself varies a lot).
kace91•1h ago
It is actually common bodybuilder wisdom to go for the lighter version.

Stereotyping, weightlifters who go for max numbers do 1 set of a million pounds and rest three hours between exercises, while bodybuilders do thirty exercises a day for 8 series of 15 reps each.

zemvpferreira•1h ago
It’s worth noting that muscle is not all the same. If you’re just into bodybuilding then sure, proximity to failure is what matters. For athletics though, there still seems to be a big impact in the rep range you work in.
d-us-vb•1h ago
This. Muscles can be optimized for volume/endurance or power, or some balance between them. Taking legs as an example: Powerlifters obviously go for pure power, whereas runners need a bit of power but mostly endurance, whereas cyclists need more power than runners but more endurance than powerlifters.

All of these benefit from weight training, but depending on the sport, the programming will be very different.

allan_s•37m ago
I think I know where they're coming from as I used to have a similar wrong model. I thought strength = more muscle cells and endurance = just better heart/lungs to deliver oxygen and clear waste like CO2 and lactic acid.

Turns out muscle fibers mostly grow bigger rather than more numerous, and there are different fiber types (slow-twitch vs fast-twitch) that adapt based on how you train. So for the same muscle, an Ironman runner and a guy doing heavy low-rep squats will develop different fiber characteristics: you can't fully max out both.

I'm simplifying, but learning this changed a lot about how I understand exercise at the biological level.

toomuchtodo•1h ago
Can we replicate the process of reaching muscle fatigue/failure to spur muscle growth without the strength training or anabolic steroids? Think GLP-1RAs but for this specific biological pathway.

https://www.biopharmadive.com/news/lilly-terminate-obesity-t...

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/...

allan_s•59m ago
My understanding is that anabolic steroid are somehow close to what you're thinking about? It's just that as anything taking a simple shortcut , it comes with unwanted effects
rorytbyrne•1h ago
> heavy weights with few reps (common body builder wisdom)

It is strength training (not body builder) wisdom to use heavy weights with few reps. Hypertrophy (i.e. body builder) programmes usually call for 8-12 reps, which implies relatively low weights.

NooneAtAll3•49m ago
is "8-12" not "few" for you?
rorytbyrne•3m ago
Relatively speaking, no.

Body builders typically advise spending about a year doing few (~5) reps per set to build strength, and then switch to longer sets (8-12) when you want to build muscle mass.

Point being, the idea of doing lighter weights until failure is already kind of there in body building wisdom.

MattRix•1h ago
Unless I’m missing something, this has already been known, though the hypertrophic benefits start to reduce beyond 30 reps.
bethekidyouwant•1h ago
The group that did lower reps with higher weight, had the better one rep max at the end of the study, but they didn’t measure if the higher rep group had greater endurance. Which seems a bit odd, considering their conclusion is both groups grew the same amount of muscle which fine but if the muscle is adapted for something different in each group, you would want to capture that.
Torkel•1h ago
I.e.

No pain, no gain.

cyberax•1h ago
This is really terrible advice that just discourages people.

You absolutely can get significant improvements without (much) pain. DOMS during the initial stages is going to be the most uncomfortable part. Once you're past it, you don't need to push yourself to a breaking point, just to the point of mild exhaustion.

This will provide you enough resistance to gain muscle mass and improve the bone density to healthy levels.

strken•55m ago
Yeah, "no pain no gain" is probably the worst advice I've ever received. It encourages sedentary people to go hard for a week and then quit, which is the exact opposite of what works: starting with consistent easy sessions and adding progressive overload.

Dynomight has a good blog post about this[0], but applied to running rather than resistance training.

[0] https://dynomight.net/2021/01/25/how-to-run-without-all-the-...

cubefox•1h ago
> Twenty healthy young male participants completed thrice-weekly resistance exercise sessions for 10 weeks.

Not sure how much can be concluded from this.

amelius•1h ago
Wait, why are we figuring this out only now?
overhead4075•1h ago
A paper doesn't necessarily mean the information is new, but that there is now some/more evidence to support it.
amelius•22m ago
True, but this kind of information is so basic it almost fits in the "world is round" category.
mmmilanooo•1h ago
It does matter. It's the only objective way to measure progress. A study doesn't negate that.
justatdotin•1h ago
isnt the 1RM the measure of progress?
yjftsjthsd-h•1h ago
I don't think so? If last week I could do 50 reps @ 5 lbs, and this week I can do 50 at 6 lbs (or 60 at 5lbs), then that's measurable objective progress
AstroBen•1h ago
> Healthy, recreationally active but untrained young males

Yeah this is why. Anything you do as an untrained person is going to get you newbie gains. It's just really easy to improve initially. Doesn't mean it'll work after the first 6 months

Sporktacular•1h ago
So resistance is futile?
claytongulick•1h ago
When < 1 ohm
Imanari•1h ago
For beginner lifters that might be true initially, but eventually weight will matter.