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Claude Sonnet 5

https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-sonnet-5
315•marinesebastian•55m ago•151 comments

Claude Code is steganographically marking requests

https://thereallo.dev/blog/claude-code-prompt-steganography
719•kirushik•3h ago•218 comments

We Are the Last People Who Know How It Works

https://unix.foo/posts/last-people-who-know-how-it-works/
133•cylo•1h ago•75 comments

Claude Science

https://claude.com/product/claude-science
138•lebovic•1h ago•57 comments

Nano Banana 2 Lite

https://deepmind.google/models/gemini-image/flash-lite/
139•minimaxir•2h ago•38 comments

I built a mmWave material classification radar

https://gauthier-lechevalier.com/radar
43•GL26•1h ago•7 comments

Looking Ahead to Postgres 19

https://www.snowflake.com/en/blog/engineering/postgresql-19-features-beta/
172•thinkingemote•4h ago•103 comments

Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds (1852)

https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/24518
126•lstodd•6h ago•38 comments

County with 37 Data Centers Asks Schools to 'Conserve Electricity'

https://www.404media.co/henrico-virginia-datacenter-energy-cost-email/
211•01-_-•2h ago•106 comments

Xsnow "protestware" in Debian

https://lwn.net/SubscriberLink/1079385/3d7a57da58b41aa9/
76•6581•2h ago•50 comments

Crypto firms have spent $189M so far on 2026 US election, report says

https://www.reuters.com/world/crypto-firms-have-spent-189-million-so-far-2026-us-election-report-...
112•tartoran•2h ago•46 comments

Knoppix

https://www.knopper.net/knoppix/index-en.html
142•hoangvmpc•6h ago•73 comments

Open Source Low Tech

https://opensourcelowtech.org/
559•grep_it•4d ago•114 comments

Building a custom octocopter from scratch with no prior hardware experience

https://karolina.mgdubiel.com/drone/
259•noleary•2d ago•56 comments

Don't Make Gates Optional, Make Them Flexible

https://wakamoleguy.com/p/flexible-gates
16•wakamoleguy•3d ago•1 comments

Factorio 2.1 Experimental Release

https://factorio.com/blog/post/fff-444
85•ibobev•3d ago•44 comments

European digital ID wallets rely on safety services of Google and Apple

https://waag.org/en/article/european-digital-id-wallets-are-gift-google-and-apple/
629•donohoe•8h ago•275 comments

Zluda 6 release (run unmodified CUDA applications on non-Nvidia GPUs)

https://vosen.github.io/ZLUDA/blog/zluda-update-q1q2-2026/
113•Tiberium•8h ago•10 comments

Qwen 3.6 27B is the sweet spot for local development

https://quesma.com/blog/qwen-36-is-awesome/
1103•stared•1d ago•698 comments

LongCat-2.0, a large-scale MoE model with 1.6T total and 48B Active

https://longcat.chat/blog/longcat-2.0/
249•benjiro29•18h ago•73 comments

Tell HN: Installing Cursor on iOS irreversibly changes your privacy settings

21•zkldi•21m ago•5 comments

We moved our Bluesky data to Eurosky

https://waag.org/en/article/why-we-moved-our-bluesky-data-eurosky/
110•dotcoma•3h ago•96 comments

Mathematics: Its Content, Methods and Meaning

https://old.maa.org/press/maa-reviews/mathematics-its-content-methods-and-meaning
47•teleforce•3d ago•14 comments

.self: A new top-level domain designed to support self-hosting

https://hccf.onmy.cloud/2026/06/21/reclaiming-our-digital-selves-hccfs-vision-for-a-human-centere...
636•HumanCCF•23h ago•356 comments

Free the Icons

https://weblog.rogueamoeba.com/2026/06/26/free-the-icons/
632•zdw•3d ago•231 comments

Exercise intensity influences body composition in healthy older adults (2025)

https://www.maturitas.org/article/S0378-5122(25)00571-7/fulltext
174•bookofjoe•8h ago•147 comments

Amazon Seller Reveals Rare Glimpse of Shadow Bribery Market

https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-06-24/inside-the-shadow-market-selling-access-to-ama...
14•petethomas•42m ago•1 comments

The labor share of income in the US is at its lowest post-war level

https://libertystreeteconomics.newyorkfed.org/2026/06/the-post-covid-decline-in-the-labor-share/
389•loughnane•3h ago•395 comments

I'm building a Space Cadet Pinball Machine! [video]

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHQ8c8i42VE
64•skibz•4d ago•11 comments

Memory Safe Context Switching

https://fil-c.org/context_switches
196•modeless•18h ago•29 comments
Open in hackernews

Supreme Court takes sledgehammer to federal regulatory structure

https://www.npr.org/2026/06/29/nx-s1-5875161/supreme-court-takes-sledgehammer-to-much-of-federal-governments-regulatory-structure
55•marojejian•1h ago

Comments

JumpCrisscross•1h ago
Five Constitutional amendments we need:

1. Strike pardon power;

2. First sentence of Article II changed to: “The President shall execute the laws of the United States of America”;

3. Abolish the electoral college;

4. Congress may regulate money in politics; and

5. Congress may create independent agencies with charters of up to 25 years. (President still names and Senate still confirms appointments. But they can be insulated from “the executive Power.”)

Everything else, including judicial reform, expanding the House and implementing a wealth tax (1% over $100mm, 2% over $1bn, 3% over $10bn, 4% over $100bn and 5% over $1tn), can be done through statute.

superxpro12•1h ago
Throw something in there about gerrymandering. Maybe even ranked choice voting?
JumpCrisscross•1h ago
> Throw something in there about gerrymandering

Can be done through statute. And, I’d argue, is better done there. Independent redistributing commissions? Proportional representation? Expanding the House? Combination thereof? I don’t know if we know the answer; hard coding a solution ex ante seems unnecessarily risky.

ceejayoz•1h ago
> Can be done through statute.

And undone through statute, or SCOTUS intervention.

JumpCrisscross•54m ago
> And undone through statute

This is generally hard. And should be possible for something as intricate as election mechanics.

> or SCOTUS intervention

Oh, I have lots of ideas for Court reform. Worst case, add justices. (Or, my favorite, every Supreme Court case gets a random slate of appellate judges.)

superxpro12•43m ago
18 year term limits. Each president gets to pick 3, or something. I forget the specific number.

Any one judge per district. Our House was supposed to scale with the population. IT only makes sense that the courts should too. There should be more than 9 given how large the population is.

bufbupa•1h ago
if we're making a wish list, I also want:

- term limits for congress

- voter day national holiday

- if budget isn't balanced all members of congress become ineligible for election

- repeal citizens united (maybe covered by op)

- and change all fines/tickets to paid in human hours of community service rather than money

JumpCrisscross•1h ago
Most of this can be done through statute.

I’d strongly argue against the community-service bit, however. That’s just job loss for those who earn income from labor and an inconvenience for those who earn it from capital.

ncallaway•40m ago
Yea, I think a better option would be to make fines proportional to income, and then give a flat hourly rate that you can earn for fines from community service as an option
pasc1878•32m ago
No that does not fix the issue.

If you have capital rather than income then this is still better for you.

e.g. a retiree has capital but not income and for someone like Musk will have plenty of capital but proportionally much ledd income as that will be the best way to avoid tax.

knappe•39m ago
- if budget isn't balanced all members of congress become ineligible for election

Ask Colorado how TABOR[0] is going. The answer is a 1.5 BILLION[1] deficit because TABOR restricts how money is collected and spent by the state.

A balanced budget isn't actually all it is cracked up to be. The deficit spending at the federal level we have now is bonkers, but a balanced budget every year is just unrealistic. Learn from Colorado and do not put yourself into an unrealistic corner. A budget will grow and shrink with the economy -- a balanced budget over X years seems much more realistic. It would mean we could have never, at a federal level, done the kind of spending necessary to cope with COVID, for example.

What I'd like to see is Congress be entirely unable to draw a paycheck while the government is shutdown. Shutdowns are a last resort, but are now so common we have normalized them. This is immensely unfair to federal workers and everything downstream that depends on a functioning government, like SNAP benefits. If the government shuts down over budget issues, make the people who made that decision pay HEAVILY for the action.

[0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxpayer_Bill_of_Rights [1] https://coloradosun.com/2026/03/19/colorado-budget-shortfall...

jfengel•1h ago
Constitutional amendments that can actually be passed:
JumpCrisscross•58m ago
We haven’t tried in a generation. I could see pardon power and independent agencies getting through recent Congresses. (Between Biden and Trump, the former has been thoroughly abused. And the Congress likes creating independent agencies.)
jkaplowitz•43m ago
> We haven't tried in a generation.

Longer than a generation if you include the Congressional stage of the process as part of the attempt - the last time Congress sent an amendment to the states was in 1978.

Yes, an amendment was ratified as recently as 1992, but that amendment was approved by Congress all the way back in 1789 (!) along with ten other amendments which we now know as the Bill of Rights and one additional amendment that has still never been (and probably won't ever be) ratified. The story of why that ended up getting ratified in 1992 is quite interesting, but it has nothing to do with how to get new amendments through Congress these days.

lovich•31m ago
Independent agencies are not getting through recent Congresses unless the Republicans party has a total collapse and the Dems simultaneously find their balls again and stop being allergic to the use of power.

The removal of Humphrey’s executor was a goal of Project 2025, they are elated at this ruling.

> One example includes potentially seeking the overruling of Humphrey's Exec- utor v. United States. 62 This case approved so-called independent agencies whose directors are not removable by the President at will. The Supreme Court has chipped away at Humphrey's Executor in cases like Seila Law v. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, 63 but the precedent remains. The next conservative Adminis- tration should formally take the position that Humphrey's Executor violates the Constitution's separation of powers.[1]

[1] https://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/24088042/project-2025...

Detrytus•1h ago
> 4. Congress may regulate money in politics;

This one is completely useless. Congress may regulate, but why would they? They directly benefit from more money in politics.

If anything this should be more direct, and read: "Political donations may only come from individual US citizens, and cannot exceed the amount of monthly minimum wage per person, per year".

Or maybe just add a field in the tax return form where anyone can name a party to receive some fixed amount donation, subtracted from person's taxes.

JumpCrisscross•1h ago
> Congress may regulate, but why would they? They directly benefit from more money in politics

One, they have. Repeatedly.

Two, the reasons historically varied, but it tended to range from it being good for them when winning elections to most electeds being okay fundraisers and not wanting to compete with the great fundraisers.

moduspol•41m ago
Campaigns already have strong limits. They get around it by giving money to PACs, which can spend money opposing other candidates or talking about issues in particular.

Should there be limits on spending on messaging opposing a certain candidate? Or supporting / opposing a specific policy? It's going to be pretty tough to draw a line there that doesn't sound a lot like solidifying and entrenching the powers that already exist. And it usually includes an ugly way of determining what speech is "political" and what is not.

comfydragon•20m ago
> Campaigns already have strong limits.

The SC decided today that political parties can spend as much money as they want in coordination with candidates.

apparent•1h ago
No chance 3 ever passes, and a wealth tax would require an amendment unless it is "apportioned among the states" or some such thing (and it can't be because wealthy people are concentrated in a handful of states).

Editing to add: It would also be a bad idea to abolish the EC because then candidates would only ever campaign in cities. They would completely ignore rural areas, which are financially and culturally different. This would not end well.

Separately, it would also mean we wouldn't know who the president is until all states are done counting, and it would complicate the recount process. Both are simpler under the EC, assuming the slow states are not close calls or big enough to swing the EC count (which they usually are not).

JumpCrisscross•56m ago
> No chance 3 ever passes

It’s honestly the hardest one on there.

> a wealth tax would require an amendment

Genuine question, why?

> It would also be a bad idea to abolish the EC because then candidates would only ever campaign in cities

This doesn’t mathematically work. Most Americans live in suburbia. (We define “urban” very, very broadly for statistical purposes.)

And this effect is more than compensated for by the existence of the Senate and even House.

> it would complicate the recount process

No messier than now. And you’d only be delayed in close elections, in which case carefully recounting everywhere is fine.

nickff•41m ago
>”Genuine question, why?”

A wealth tax would clearly be a ‘direct tax’, which must be apportioned among the states according to the constitution.

JumpCrisscross•22m ago
Eh, this is debated. (Moore.) It could be written as an excise tax, too, push come to shove.
KaiserPro•54m ago
I mean yes, but the bigger issue is that the 14th amendment only survived by one fucking vote.

The supreme court is one vote away from not upholding the constitution.

JumpCrisscross•52m ago
> the bigger issue is that the 14th amendment only survived by one fucking vote

We have two corrupt justices. Until a President has the balls to enforce the law, this won’t be a problem solved by changing text on paper.

AnimalMuppet•2m ago
Um, which laws are you referring to here, that you claim the president is not enforcing?
Noumenon72•47m ago
It would be better to make the Constitution unamendable than to let people like you get their hands on it. People are just not smart enough to foresee the consequences of their choices, so it's better to stick with choices that at least worked once.
ncallaway•42m ago
The more sclerotic the Constitution becomes, the more likely it is to have the entire system overturned and replaced wholesale.

If you try to make the Constitution unamendable, you guarantee that the Republic that is founded on the Constitution will eventually fail.

I can't think of a worse idea for the long-term health of the Republic.

moduspol•38m ago
If it were easy to change, there would be no purpose to having a Constitution.
pasc1878•28m ago
There is a great difference between immutable and difficult to change.

Do you want to be in a US without the Fourteenth Amendment?

Actually it strictly immutable without any of the Amendments, no 1st, 2nd etc.

moduspol•6m ago
I think ratification by 2/3 of states fairly meets the definition of "difficult to change, but not immutable."

That it's been done numerous times in the past suggests it is quite far from immutable.

ncallaway•46m ago
I agree with everything, other than the two caveats below:

> Strike pardon power;

I'd go slightly narrower. I think pardons and clemency are a good thing to have in the system. I think we can put reasonable guardrails around it

- Require pardons to be published to a public register to be effective - Allow a 2/3 vote of both chambers of congress to veto a pardon within 90 days - Disallow pardons in the final year of the term - Explicitly affirm that Congress can make bribery and other forms of direct/indirect quid-pro-quos for a pardon illegal

> Congress may create independent agencies with charters of up to 25 years.

I think we should also create room for Congress to create rule-making agencies that exist within the Congressional branch.

JumpCrisscross•40m ago
> pardons and clemency are a good thing to have in the system

Congress can do it any time. The fact that it will probably result in a statute change, too, versus a one-off benefit, is a feature of that process.

I debated this for a while, myself. Kept creating carve-outs. But at the end of the day, pardons are a shitty and ineffective check on either the judiciary or criminal statute, and they have been known to be a potential source of corruption since at least the Roman Republic, which denied this power even to their dictators.

> we should also create room for Congress to create rule-making agencies that exist within the Congressional branch

Eh, I prefer independent agencies. If the Congress wants a law it can pass it.

popalchemist•30m ago
These are all great ideas.
twobitshifter•26m ago
If we keep pardons, no reason to give that power to the executive branch at all.
ecshafer•37m ago
Other than 4 I disagree whole heartedly. The worst part of the Fed government might be the Federal Reserve (abolish the fed), which would be like your 5. Electoral college is an important step to relegating the power of the masses. Pardon should be clarified in scope but not removed, Bidens indefinite pardons for any possible crimes was absurd.
lovich•27m ago
lol, abolish the fed and only complain about Biden’s pardons. I thought I was the most the openly partisan person on this forum but apparently I have competition.
paulddraper•34m ago
> 3. Abolish the electoral college;

Many people think the EC is somehow a distinctly idiosyncrasy of the United States, but this has almost identical structure almost to the Presidential election in the European Union.

The difference is that somewhere along the way, the member states of the USA lost most of their power. That hasn't yet happened to the members states of the EU. But perhaps it will?

darksaints•2m ago
The president of the European Commission is practically an inconsequential figurehead because of how the EU is structured. The president of the United States is the most powerful person in the US because of how the US is structured. It might be fine for them to have an electoral college like system for that but it absolutely is a disgrace that our most powerful person is elected by a handful of swing states.
LorenPechtel•33m ago
I think the ship has sailed on #4. It's simply too easy to do it overseas now.
brightball•18m ago
You can’t abolish the electoral college without standardized voting across all states. A single state or even county allowing frivolous or unverified voting can swing the entire election.

The EC provides a failsafe by capping the max impact of a single state in the event of an anomaly.

In other words, you can’t talk about abolishing the EC without a national voter ID law.

kelseyfrog•14m ago
> you can’t talk about abolishing the EC without a national voter ID law.

Sure we can. We can even do it right here. I'd never let someone tell me what I can and cannot talk about.

throwaway85825•12m ago
Technically yes you can, but most everyone else will do a bit more scrutiny than you.
brainwad•12m ago
This is not a problem in other western countries, so why would it be in the US? It sounds very much like post-hoc justification to me.
striking•10m ago
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_exceptionalism

Once you see it as a throughline of your conversations with people who have been steeped in the American culture for so long, it is hard to unsee.

darksaints
ahartmetz•1h ago
It is funny that these things are done by """conservatives""". To be conservative means to conserve things, keep them as they are, and to develop them further guided by traditional values. These """conservatives""" are not conserving anything, they are destroying old institutions with the motivation to build an autocracy.
ceejayoz•1h ago
"Reactionary" is the term you're looking for.
ahartmetz•8m ago
Probably.

The linked article calls them conservatives, which seems like something they'd like to call themselves as well.

FergusArgyll•56m ago
They're not """conservatives""" they're """textualists"""
dgellow•39m ago
Aka “trust me bro, I can decipher the hidden meaning that will surprisingly match my preferred political outcomes”
beezlebroxxxxxx•1h ago
Even if you ignore the, frankly, incredible impact of this ruling on the very idea of a modern independent civil service, it is crazy to see this opinion come alongside another that protects the Fed from the exact same thing for reasons that very few learned people (conservative and liberal) buy. Understandably, applying the unitary executive theory to the Fed is basically a recipe for disaster, but they're just blatantly trying to have it both ways in a way that deeply undercuts the credibility of the current court's opinions. Afterall, if it's a disaster for the Fed it might also be a disaster for all the other agencies...
apparent•54m ago
Here's a reliable alternate source. [1] I try to avoid single-sourcing on important news, since most outlets have a bias one way or the other.

1: https://www.scotusblog.com/2026/06/court-allows-trump-to-fir...

EDIT: adding that it's sad that people downvote an alternate source that is from an expert outlet. I don't think I've ever heard anyone claim SCOTUSblog is biased, and NPR has surely been credibly accused.

the_sleaze_•13m ago
It's difficult to find anything except wildly biased news sources. After reading the article I know I should be upset about what the supreme court has done, and I should be fearful about what could possibly happen tomorrow because of it.

But I don't have a very clear picture about what actually happened.

How could one possibly build their own opinion one way or another from this piece?

oldsklgdfth•12m ago
I watched the live chat to get the news about these opinions.

Good on the reporters that cover the opinions and post updates. Without much editorialization I may add.

As an aside, I find it very exciting that audio of oral arguments are broadcast and opinions are read without cameras in the room It's a retro feeling.

Glandalf•54m ago
Long Marchers spent like a half century wasting their lives, it turns out. Ahhhhh well, they’re nothing if not persistent.
hn_throwaway_99•52m ago
The mental gymnastics that jurists attempt to go through to justify their rulings as "principled" in some sense is just baffling to me. The right railed against "judicial activism" for years, but it is plainly obvious that is what is happening here (overturning precedent after precedent solely based on their current feelings), especially by giving credence to the "unitary executive" theory that obviously makes separation of powers a moot point when taken to its conclusion.

The executive branch, as the one tasked with "faithful execution of the laws", is really the only branch that actually does anything substantial. I mean, yes the Congress passes laws and the SC interprets them, but the only branch that can actually carry out those laws is the executive branch. These rulings by the SC basically say that the President can do whatever he wants because (a) he can't be prosecuted for any official actions, and (b) all regulatory decisions are now solely within his control.

Starting with Citizens United, this crop of SC justices will go down in infamy as some of the worst since Dred Scott. Let's hope we don't need another actual civil war to rectify their buffoonery.

superxpro12•41m ago
Just stop trying to find logic in the hypocrisy. "Every accusation is a confession" by them rings true louder and louder with each passing day.

Precedent and reason is no longer a metric for the conservative justices. Only the party's wishes. Which means they are a political body now.

throwaway85825•14m ago
What most people miss when reading court news headlines is that most cases are decided based on federal law not on the constitution. Laws of course can easily be changed by a majority of congress. If congress abdicated its power, the court is not the problem, congress is.
delecti•4m ago
> term limits for congress

Then the most knowledgeable and experienced people in the room are lobbyists. And at its root, lobbying is just "asking congress for things".

deaux•13m ago
> the Dems simultaneously find their balls again and stop being allergic to the use of power.

If only the problem was that they don't have balls. Everything they've done, and not done, is intentional. Hence why most of them see the DSA as a bigger threat than the Reps, and the former is what's awakening some of them rather than 8 years of MAGA.

moduspol•1m ago
Do you expect this to result in much substantive change relative to before the ruling was made?
nickff•16m ago
Capital gains are permissible because of the 16th amendment; the 16A does not permit the congress to tax assets. It seems like quite a stretch to apply Moore to cash holdings.
throwaway85825•11m ago
We already have taxes on assets. They're called property taxes.
nickff•8m ago
Congress is not permitted to levy property taxes.
throwaway85825•7m ago
Tax money is fungible.
apparent•1m ago
The state govts can do things that the federal govt is forbidden to do.
jandrewrogers•39m ago
The 16th amendment plainly restricts taxation to income. Same reason there isn't a Federal sales tax or property tax.
ceejayoz•28m ago
No, the 16th Amendment expands taxation to income; there was some dispute at the time over its legality. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollock_v._Farmers%27_Loan_%26....)

Article I establishes's Congress's fairly broad taxing powers.

> The Congress shall have Power to lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States.

https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/sales_tax

> The federal government has not enacted a national sales tax, although it has the constitutional authority to do so under Article I, Section 8.

JumpCrisscross•20m ago
There are federal capital-gains taxes. (I’d be fine with just treating wealth gains for anyone with more than $100mm as income, too.)
ceejayoz•54m ago
> It would also be a bad idea to abolish the EC because then candidates would only ever campaign in cities. They would completely ignore rural areas, which are financially and culturally different.

This already happens, though. Candidates largely ignore entire states they know they can't win, as well as ones they think they will win.

(Ask Hillary if she regrets not campaigning more in Wisconsin, for example.)

krunck•53m ago
Who cares about campaigning? It's whats happens after the election that matters: Does the representative represent their constituents? That's not an electoral system issue.

Each eligible voter should get one vote of equal weight to all others. The EC breaks that.

JumpCrisscross•47m ago
> Who cares about campaigning?

Electeds. Where they campaign signifies who they think they have to convince and compromise with to earn their seat.

russdill•36m ago
The irony here is (3) is by far the closest to actually occurring as in practice, it doesn't require amending the constitution

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Popular_Vote_Intersta...

Of course, the SC could easily declare it unconstitutional....interpret any amendments as they see fit anyway. The decision on the 14th very nearly went the other way.

apparent•1m ago
> The decision on the 14th very nearly went the other way.

Really? How do you know?

•
7m ago
Voter ID laws would not be a problem if said IDs were free. They’re not, and nobody that ever proposes such laws ever proposes a way to make IDs free, because they aren’t actually caring about election integrity, they only care about the practical disenfranchisement that would result from it.
cogman10•6m ago
Not an issue.

Voter fraud has been prosecuted, measured, and accounted for across the US. It basically never has any sort of impact on any election. There are 10s of instances of it each year. Far too few to swing any election.

That said, I'd be willing to accept voter ID with a few caveats

1. A national ID has to be provided to all voters. Charging people to vote shouldn't happen.

2. We need reform to polling location laws, it should be a violation of the law if it takes more than 10 minutes to get to a polling location in a district.

3. We need reform to location capacity, more than a 10 minute wait to vote should be against the law.

I'm fine if we want to require in person voting or whatever. I'm fine with paper ballots counted by machines. That said, there should be accommodations made for the old or disabled.

You could even make the problem of fraud moot if you have mandatory voting (or opting out of voting) so that every person is accounted for regardless. It'd make it much harder for anyone to "cheat" as there'd be pretty obvious statistical anomalies.