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No more than 100 000 faint satellites should orbit Earth

https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso2607/
72•Breadmaker•2h ago

Comments

michelb•1h ago
Worrying for sure. But I doubt the current USA, along with Israel and Russia are going to be bothered about this. Everyone is launching satellites and other gear into orbit for war.
SubiculumCode•1h ago
Or defense.
sylos•47m ago
Defense is just a polite term for war.
lioeters•3m ago
War is just a polite term for the poor youth murdering each other for the benefit of the rich.
gordonhart•44m ago
Interesting that your list omits China considering they have firm plans to launch ~41k satellites for government/commercial constellations plus ITU filings for >200k proposed satellites.
johnnyApplePRNG•42m ago
They're already itching to throw space-lasers into orbit. [0]

I wish I was joking.

[0] https://www.jpost.com/defense-and-tech/article-900854

tapland•1h ago
Ugh the part about Munich is depressing. Finding a dark clear sky spot is one of the worlds greatest joys and most awesome experiences.
zoilism•1h ago
For the first time in human history, the generations living now have been systematically robbed of their ancestral right to witness the night sky and its jaw-droppingly awe-inspiring magnificence.
xadhominemx•1h ago
I am a science and astronomy fan, but I am sorry, in this case progress is more important. If we regret our decision, the LEOs will fall out of the sky by themselves in a few years and it will be ok.
croes•58m ago
A few years is a large knowledge gap if an asteroid is on its way to us.

Not to mention that’s not how it works. We regret burning so much fossil fuel but those who make huge profits from it prevent as much change as they can.

You can bet Amazon and SpaceX will do the same no matter how the rest of us regrets it

edelbitter•57m ago
Some scientific endeavors can be paused and maybe later relaunched, if funding has not dried up and temporarily-worthless machinery has not been left to rot.

But stuff like mitigating the constant threat of big enough objects showing up on a collision course with earth should not be paused until those eye-catchers fall out of the sky. If there is something coming at us that can wipe out more than the stock price of one particularly space-enthusiastic company, we should like to know within a time period appropriate for our current planetary defense capabilities. Which will surely improve, over time - so maybe we can pollute the sky, later.

Legend2440•48m ago
>the constant threat of big enough objects showing up on a collision course with earth

I don't really think this is a serious risk. This is a once-in-a-million-years kind of event.

Also, asteroid detection is not seriously affected by satellites. We can easily tell the difference between a moving satellite and a moving asteroid because of their speed.

xadhominemx
rcpt•1h ago
Why are they bright? Do they have big lights flashing or is it reflection
0-_-0•1h ago
And what are they reflecting when they are in Earth's shadow?
croes•51m ago
They aren’t in the Earth’s shadow at the start of the night

> For the SpaceX satellite mega-constellation, he found that dozens of trails would appear in each image taken two hours into the night with ESO’s Very Large Telescope (VLT) at Paranal Observatory in Chile

Not to mention the satellites of Reflect Orbital whose sole purpose is reflecting sun light into night areas

Legend2440•1h ago
This is a tradeoff we have to make with infrastructure and development in general. How do you balance human needs with pristine nature?

Do we put up long-distance power lines and wind farms even though they ruin the views? Do you tear down a forest to put up farmlands and suburbs? Do you build a dam to provide water for irrigation, even though it kills the fish and floods a valley?

Satellites are actually easier than most of those tradeoffs, because nothing lives in space and there's no nature to destroy. It only affects us.

croes•50m ago
They hinder the view on asteroids coming our way.

The purpose of most of these satellites is internet access where we already have less limited possibilities with less maintenance costs like constant replacement

Legend2440•44m ago
No they don't. It's more of an issue for long-exposure galaxies and nebula.

And asteroids are an extremely rare threat in the first place. It's literally a once-in-a-million-years kind of event.

JumpCrisscross•27m ago
> They hinder the view on asteroids coming our way

Source?

0-_-0•1h ago
If we can launch 1M satellites, how many telescopes can we launch?
croes•57m ago
Who is we? Certainly not amateur astronomers who made important discoveries with their telescopes
monocasa•20m ago
If the cost to orbit does get low enough as is the assumption in this article, I would be shocked if we didn't start to see amateur space based telescopes.
manoDev•1h ago
Should it be possible to coordinate orbits to create permanent clear spots on the sky where observatories are? A LEO no flight zone of sorts.
arjie•1h ago
These kinds of caps have for years been a dampener on human flourishing. My observation has been that those in stagnation or decline tend to attach themselves to these desires to hold the status quo. Anti-energy, anti-housing, anti-industry and so on because they've reached a local maxima in their ability to live and have chosen to spend their life in leisure.

But there is the rest of the world, and if I'm told that the Africans should not have access to high-speed satellite Internet[0] so that the Europeans can use one specific method of looking at the stars, I don't find that convincing. In time, as we expand, space-based observation will become fairly feasible for everyone. And the satellites we have will decay to the Earth should we fail to keep them up there.

We will build Earth orbital structures and swarms, and we will build Sun orbital structures and swarms, and we will go to the stars, and it will be better for humanity as a whole.

0: https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2026/07/02/...

isatty•48m ago
Well, if you build too many satellites in the swarms, at some point you will lose the ability to see or go to the stars.
gordonhart•47m ago
In related news, earlier this year Chile cancelled plans for a gigawatt-scale solar/wind powered hydrogen production plant nearby the ESO facility in the Atacama desert after light pollution complaints from European scientists.
umpalumpaaa•47m ago
And swarms
holoduke•57m ago
ah and guess what. only western US / European countries are allowed to have them. The rest are called shadow fleet satellites.
ChrisArchitect•52m ago
Title is: One million satellites and mirrors in space pose grave threat to the night sky
SilverElfin•46m ago
It’s a public space. No one should be able to just take it over for free. We aren’t being compensated for the pollution of our skies. And also, higher orbits require much longer for debris to fall back and burn up.
tiahura•46m ago
99.99% of the world would rather watch a train of Starlink satellites than some star they couldn't see anyway. Not to mention the satellites' other benefits.
khazhoux•33m ago
No, only 3.7%
protortyp•39m ago
Of course this comes from a European organisation.
earthnail•16m ago
I really wanted to downvote this because I hate the constant EU bashing, but I just have to agree.

So we can’t see the stars from Munich anymore? Yes, that’s depressing, but we’re not trying to reduce light smog in Munich right now, are we? Because all the buildings that have been build, all the streets and trains, also make it hard to see the stars.

More light is one of the things progress has always brought, and eventually we will just have to accept that we started building in the sky, too.

We should introduce a global agreement that commercial satellites must fall out of the sky within a few years to reduce debris. It should be an agreeable term since the debris hinders everyone doing business up there. Every nation is going to partially ignore it anyway, for military purposes for example. But that’s a different demand than a cap on the total number of satellites.

ck2•36m ago
too late

https://satellitemap.space

there are already several starlink competitors and even other countries planning to launch their own 1000-10,000 node networks

rho138•30m ago
It upsets me that an establishment like ESO would grip on the “data centers in space” narrative given the absurd physics constraints.
nablaxcroissant•28m ago
I'm not sure how exactly they are making these calculations but I just don't see it. Both Reflect and SpaceX are targeting SSO orbits where they are only reflecting for an hour or two at sunset. That isn't true of Starlink, but that constellation is already up there and if its fine right now, I don't see it getting much worse as the materials on it get refined to be less problematic.

More regulations would just have the result of cementing a monopoly for Spacex.

CodesInChaos•26m ago
How much CO2 does launching a million satellites produce? Is is significant compared to other sources of CO2?
chhxdjsj•24m ago
Perhaps we have 100 years to spread consciousness to space before civilisation is devastated by demographic collapse or nuclear war or some horrible virus or islam.

99.9% of species that have existed on earth are already extinct. Climate change happens constantly over long periods. Our CO2 emissions will be background noise on a million year timescale.

Time to ignore the whingers and the NIMBYs and colonize the universe.

mrwaffle•22m ago
For a very imprecise visual, I like the site https://satellite.love
upofadown•21m ago
>SpaceX plans to send one million more satellites into orbit, for space-based data centres, ...

I think we should wait to see how the first satellite data centre works out. It seems fairly unlikely that it could be practical. It seems kind of nuts...

>Reflect Orbital, a US start-up, aims to launch a constellation of very large mirror-like satellites to provide sunlight at night, with reflected beams that span at least five kilometres on Earth's surface.

Straight up nuts with no practical value, even if it did work out.

riazrizvi•17m ago
Yes okay, good luck with that. The strategic importance to nations is far too high, it just means astronomy will evolve to a thing where it's done from space. But if you want to be the region where you support these ideas and undermine your own political support for national self-interest then that's your choice. Europe is overrun by these professional class types with nice ideas that are mispriorized. It's like a land of people that behave like pets lacking practical self-sufficiency.
zer0energy•7m ago
I do not understand why the astronomers feel entitled to determine fair use of the sky. I feel like it's much easier and more reasonable to ask what the telescopes can do to mitigate the problem than to insist that others back off from use of the communal resource.

The great observatories are marvels of engineering - a focused effort on technical mitigations to the satellite problem would likely push the problem out for decades into the future.

Two possible paths forward: 1. inserting a shutter into the beam path while a satellite is transiting the field of view of the telescope, or 2. (somewhat worse from an SNR perspective) terminating an exposure right before it's corrupted by a transiting satellite and starting a new exposure once the satellite has passed.

I for one would much rather see effort put into advancing telescope design than blocking advances of our use of space!

ShinyLeftPad•5m ago
maybe for example because thanks to them we have satellites in the first place?

I agree with this and I'm not an astronomer btw.

•
14m ago
Is that sort of research unavoidably impaired by a more crowded night sky? Or do we just have to spend more to collect the same quality of data from more or better terrestrial observatories?
SilverElfin•44m ago
China’s constellations are going to orbits that will take hundreds of years to return to earth and could make launching much harder if there is a collision. As far as I know only SpaceX has satellites in low orbits that frequently need propulsion to push back up, and fall back within 5 years.
snovv_crash•46m ago
Maybe a fair allocation of sattelites would be proportional to the number of citizens with voting rights in the country. Maybe with some modifier about how impactful that voting can actually be (eg. citizen initiatives vs. just electing representatives from a preselected pool).
rockemsockem•43m ago
Starlink satellites can provide anyone with Internet.
Normal_gaussian•42m ago
Can, but won't.
JuniperMesos•41m ago
As a California resident I really don't like the idea of a legal framework that encourages more citizen initiatives. They would be used to try to prevent building more housing.
JumpCrisscross•28m ago
> a fair allocation

Who is doing this allocation? Who is going to tell Pyongyang, Beijing or Moscow they can’t launch anymore?

guelo•14m ago
If we weren't busy stupidly destroying the institutions for international cooperation, it would be a UN body.
JumpCrisscross•11m ago
> it would be a UN body

No UN body can command a nuclear sovereign. They ultimately continually consent to oversight.

Normal_gaussian•42m ago
I think that "Africans should not have access to high-speed satellite Internet" is something you've just made up; the article you link talks about African people turning to Starlink because of local infrastructure issues, and the original article notes that the current satellite count is currently around 14k satellites. 100k is more than enough satellites to provide high-speed satellite internet globally.

The article makes mention of specific endeavours, like the night-time mirror satellites, which are particularly disruptive to astronomy, and the general risks of high numbers of satellites.

The ability to do Earth based astronomy is something that is of value to all the peoples of Earth, and is mainly funded by the western nations because of their current position as the people with more money.

JumpCrisscross•35m ago
The article doesn’t consider that in a world with a million satellites in orbit, launching space-based telescopes—including into deep space—becomes an order of magnitude cheaper.
acdha•33m ago
Does it? My understanding was that it’s less helpful for anything which isn’t in low-earth orbit because the commercial launch engineers are optimizing for the lucrative satellite business, not larger and higher payloads.
JumpCrisscross•29m ago
> commercial launch engineers are optimizing for the lucrative satellite business, not larger and higher payloads

Commercial satellites are getting bigger and heavier. Launch that can put big and heavy in LEO can put big and slightly less heavy higher up. Add to that things like in-orbit propellant transfer and there is a good chance astronomy sees a golden age in the coming decades (in countries with space access).

I’m not dismissing the problem. Just this analysis as meriting any conclusions. It’s a start. But it’s only part of a full model of how these changes would affect astronomy.

Tuna-Fish•22m ago
Larger rockets are inherently more efficient, which is why all the commercial providers are moving towards them. And while yes, most of the providers are targeting primarily for LEO, if you have high payload capacity to LEO you can solve your issue of getting anywhere by packing in a kick stage. And cheap third-party kick stages are available and more are in development.
rcxdude•35m ago
Not to mention starlink is not a solution for internet for everyone on the planet: it cannot serve everyone in a densely populated area, no matter how many satellites they have in their constellation. It's a useful piece of infrastructure, but it's far from the panacea people seem to think it is.
IncreasePosts•10m ago
Ground based infrastructure is much easier to justify in densely populated areas. So, dense areas get ground infra, and the dispersed rural population can get satellite infra
toasty228•33m ago
> But there is the rest of the world, and if I'm told that the Africans

When the average African live like the average American we'll be truly fucked, probably even before that. We should raise the bottom for sure but we definitely need to cure the degeneracy of the top too

Technosolutionism is a cult. We either put the caps on ourself or nature will hard cap us anyways, in a much harsher way.

piloto_ciego•28m ago
As a literal leftist by any reasonable metric, the recent trend towards “I wish it was 1995” and “AI is the worst” and “tech sucks now” from people I agree with on many other points frustrates me to no end.

“You guys know we could basically live in a Star Trek style utopia if we get this right, right?”

“The DATA cenTERS are STEALING the water and breaking Taleckshual ProPerty LERRS!”

Like, I thought we were for piracy, and against capital colonizing the space of creative ideas? But I guess what a lot of people were fond of was feeling important.

AngryData•24m ago
The problem is people don't see the near future as a Star Trek utopia, they see it going more towards a dystopian landscape with handfuls of extremely wealthy eloie dictating how they can live their life.
CookieCrisp•12m ago
Which would make sense if they chose strategies that might stop that from happening. Instead the ones I know refuse to even learn what AI can do and refuse to see that they're not going to slow it's adoption down by sealing themselves off.

The world was already heading towards a dystopian landscape without AI. So many people on this planet live in a horrific dystopia right now, and here comes along something that might help them. Might give us what we need to stop global warming. I'd rather choose something with a 1% chance of working out than what we had before, 0%.

piperswe•16m ago
If politics were trending left I’d agree with you, but as-is the bourgeoisie are the only ones that will get any upside from modern tech.
tsunagatta•15m ago
AI is not going to give us a star trek utopia, AI is an attempt by the bourgeoise to alienate the average person from the capital that has previously always come free with their human life. AI promises a feudalist future where there is no capital that isn't owned by the ruling class. Its power is not democratized, it is concentrated in the hands of those building the data centers. That is why I'm against the data centers. I feel like all leftists should be.
JumpCrisscross•12m ago
> Its power is not democratized, it is concentrated in the hands of those building the data centers. That is why I'm against the data centers

If you really believe this (and I’m not saying I don’t, I just don’t have confidence in it), blocking domestic. datacenters doesn’t preserve that labour value. It just ensures whoever builds those datacenters controls production from afar.

Like, if AI really replaces human labour, does Africa and Europe having few AI datacenters protect it from America and China? Of course not. Not outside a symbolic level that even then would have to exist with the implied consent of the powers who produce.

hack1312•13m ago
“if we get this right” is doing a whole lot of heavy lifting here.
matthewdgreen•2m ago
Even Star Trek admits that there are horrible events that lie between our world and the utopia.
pshirshov•21m ago
> we will build Sun orbital structures and swarms,

Another episode of arrogant fantasy in the ponyworld.

happytoexplain•17m ago
This is unrealistic, uncharitable, and tribalistic.
kibwen•13m ago
These kinds of attitudes have for millenia been a dampener on human flourishing. My observation has been that those without empathy or foresight tend to attach themselves to these initiatives to obliterate our shared human heritage to satisfy their own ridiculous misconception of progress. Anti-intellectual, anti-curious, anti-social and so on because they've reached a local maxima in their ability to give a damn about what it means to live a good life and have chosen to spend their life in self-satisfied ignorance.
JBorrow•13m ago
Moving all of astronomy to space based observations is entirely incompatible with the way that instruments are funded, built, and deployed. It is only valid for a set of highly specific and well funded observatories that take decades to get off the ground and can never be updated, improved, or modified to search new scientific directions.

Why don’t “we” just build more cell towers?

matthewdgreen•6m ago
I didn't understand what these satellites were really like until I visited Zion National Park two weeks ago. Zion is an International Dark Sky park, and so I was really looking forward to seeing the stars. Instead we sat outside and watched dozens and dozens of fast-moving stars zip around on all sorts of trajectories. I'm not saying it ruined the experience (I'm not an astronomer, and it was kind of fun.) But it really brought home how fundamentally we've changed the sky. I also hope we're able to lay enough fiber in developing countries that this many satellites don't need to stay up there forever.
api•6m ago
“Anti” is a kind of super-meme that took over discourse in a lot of spheres, especially anywhere near academia, starting in the 1970s.

If I had to trace it to one source it would probably be the Club of Rome and Limits to Growth. Paul Erlich would be a close second with The Population Bomb.

Here’s a great podcast on the latter:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nn1gieFMuWI

This stuff sounds right because obviously you can’t have infinite growth in population or resource use on a finite planet. That means it won’t happen. The question is “how will it not happen?” The answer right now looks like “as people get wealthier they have fewer kids.” There are other possible answers like dematerialization of the economy which is also a thing.

Before the 70s this stuff would have been called far right and identified with ideologies like authoritarian eugenics and fascism. The 70s is when a lot of “volkisch” proto-fascist and crypto-fascist ideas got a lefty hippie makeover. The other big one is the idea that “natural” is inherently good.

I finally see this stuff getting some challenge from all across the political spectrum, even from the left. In previous decades you only ever saw it get challenged from the right or from what were once called libertarians.

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No more than 100 000 faint satellites should orbit Earth

https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso2607/
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