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Formalizing Fermat's Last Theorem

https://www.anthropic.com/research/formalizing-fermats-last-theorem
100•jlebar•46m ago

Comments

kdavis•34m ago
Impressive! Buzzard's group[1] got scooped.

[1] https://github.com/ImperialCollegeLondon/FLT

arjie•18m ago
Seems to have taken it in good spirit:

> We shared the resulting proof with Kevin Buzzard, who said:

> > This extraordinary autoformalization achievement, which Anthropic researchers say only took 11 days, proves Fermat’s Last Theorem with no assumptions other than the axioms of mathematics. Along the way we see autoformalization of algebra, harmonic analysis, geometry and number theory, and we learn that AI autoformalization artefacts are now robust enough to be built upon; the proof is multi-layered.

lalitmaganti•33m ago
I suggest also reading Kevin Buzzard's blog post on this as well which was just posted: https://xenaproject.wordpress.com/2026/09/04/flt-anthropic-h...

Provides great context on this accomplishment and what it means but also doesn't mean.

faitswulff•19m ago
I’m not very good at mathematics, but it seems like Kevin should take his girlfriend on trips more often for the good of all mathematicians.
aquafox•9m ago
We should start a gofundme to send him 2 months to a remote tribe in the Amazon. Chances are, we see the Riemann hypothesis and twin prime conjecture proven. ;)
esafak•16m ago
I love the Anecdote section.
BeetleB•13m ago
"I was given £1M to run my project over 5 years; Anthropic took only 11 days but I do wonder if they spent more money…"

Gives you an idea of the scale...

andrewla•32m ago
Wow -- looks like thanks to Claude, Lean checks off another box on https://www.cs.ru.nl/~freek/100/
rawling•24m ago
The last box, per https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=49568667
kristjansson•30m ago
Well, time to set down the glass beads and dive into a an alpine lake.
rao-v•29m ago
An aside on Lean and it's massive library of results: As someone who's put non trivial effort into slowly learning geometric algebra, lie theory and other slightly advanced math topics, I have to say my brain cannot read Lean. It feels so unprocessable.

I've tried the various intros to Lean multiple times (even before Lean 4 came out) and something about the way Lean proofs are written does not align with how I think about proofs. My very brief attempts at Isabelle / RCoq feel more natural.

I think it's a pity that the future of proofs is Lean. I'd love for someone to come up with a more digestable proof language!

gowld•23m ago
That's like saying the future of code is Assembler.

Lean is not for humans.

SirHackalot•20m ago
Interesting to find this comment, I’ve been dipping my toes into formal methods and was doing a RCoq tutorial yesterday (really basic stuff), and I also noticed that the proofs in RCoq have a more pen -and-paper proof feel to them.
c7b•15m ago
If you're doing it for fun anyway, why not use the language that gives you the most pleasure?
voxl•5m ago
Hearing someone say "the future of proofs is Lean" is a bit like hearing someone say "the future of programming is Rust." Sorry to disappoint, or happy to inform, there are hundreds of programming languages actively being used, and Rust is not even the most used language. To think that proof assistants, fancy programming languages, would be any different is suspiciously motivated.
m_w_•28m ago
> Along the way, it wrote 13 million lines of Lean and proved 29,500 intermediate theorems.

Pretty insane. I suppose it lends further credence to the idea that anything that can be shown to be correct can be done by a model.

Vakaiser•28m ago
We'll increasingly observe announcements of this kind as AI tooling scales. As impressive as agentic coding is, it pales in comparison to the value proposition of medical, mathematical, and physics research.

I optimistically expect to witness the advent of a global 'panacea' in my lifetime thanks to AI's efforts. Cost effective large scale genetic engineering, a cure for every disease, potentially even a cure for aging.

The future is both beautiful and terrifying.

rowanG077•12m ago
I dont think it will happen. AI models are kneecapped. Only a tiny tiny tiny fraction of people are on the list of even being able to use these tools for such things.
lseplot•27m ago
https://github.com/anthropics/fermats-last-theorem/blob/main...

  status: "self-assessed"
13 million lines of Lean, where the Lean and Nanoda kernels missed the Collatz hack.

Fable, please translate to HOL-light. Make no mistakes. You are doing great!

voxl•2m ago
It's a great comedy that we move the buck from "I don't trust the human proof" to "I don't trust the Lean proof" despite the level of trust dramatically increasing. Moving to HOL-light might be another modest increase in trust, but to pretend the implementation of HOL-light has never had bugs and it's kernel could never have a bug is hubris.
aaraujo002•26m ago
They released the code here: https://github.com/anthropics/fermats-last-theorem
sigmar•25m ago
>The speed with which we were able to produce this proof demonstrates that it is now possible to formalize large swaths of mathematics, which may both catch errors in the common body of mathematical proofs and reduce the burden of refereeing new work.

^ this section should have been in the first few paragraphs imho. Explaining why this is relevant shouldn't be so far down.

baggy_trough•24m ago
I won't be impressed until it identifies the proof he wrote in the margin. /s
jrflo•22m ago
Holy shit, this has to be one of the most difficult proofs to formalize due to it's length and complexity right?
bjourne•6m ago
Yep. There may be only 25-50 people alive today in the whole world who can credibly claim to understand Wiles' proof. Now we add an LLM to that list. Absolutely mind-blowing stuff.
atleastoptimal•22m ago
It seems clear AI has the potential to perform any cognitive task at far greater speeds, reliability, and scale than any human. The question is whether it will be allowed to scale to that point, and what will happen to humans after this occurs.
dakolli•11m ago
You'll get mass poverty and violence which the owners of AI will qwell with AI surveillance and weapons. AI will be used to pit us against eachother and justify wars to keep us busy. Fun times ahead.

Not sure why anyone is excited about this tech.

somberi•17m ago
On a tangential note, I highly recommend this book by Simon Singh. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat's_Last_Theorem_(book)
bluecalm•13m ago
Very impressive! I was a child when that proof came out. I've read a book about it a few years later and used it on my final high school exam. I remember some friends trying to understand parts of it at univ. It was all like black magic to me and the vibe was "maybe a few people in the world understand it".

I hope soon enough we will have one of the big ones proved by AI!

dakolli•13m ago
We're in the era of slop mathematics. Sure what people are doing is impressive, but how does it make anyonee life better? I still dont see llms as improving our lives here on earth. So far it just seems to make rich people richer and give dopamine hits to nerds (at the cost of everyone's electricity bill).
anony-123•12m ago
So, what I am thinking is that, the AI generated numbers or tried to find numbers "a", "b" and "c" to check if aⁿ + bⁿ = cⁿ

Can not we do it by code?

sweetheart•9m ago
Lean _is_ code. FLT cannot be proven by exhaustion because it's domain is an infinite set: the natural numbers above 2.
estetlinus•7m ago
Sure, go on and try it ;)
kbelder•6m ago
Just loop through all values of a, b, c, and n?
drivebyhooting•7m ago
LLMs are pretty good at slogging through. When will they come up with brilliant breakthroughs like Andrew Wiles?
estetlinus•5m ago
I can recommend the book telling the full story behind Fermats Last Theorem (by Simon Singh). It’s quite fascinating, and paved with really, _really_ weird characters each chipping in on the final solution.
KaiserPister•4m ago
13M LoC, are we sure it didn't exploit any latent issues in the lean proof system?
kzrdude•4m ago
The part about prove2.me was interesting. That means that a co-working tool was instrumental in the project, and I think AI companies will take note of this. Is this proof specific or will we need to give agents access to JIRA or similar tools to solve large projects in the future?

Formalizing Fermat's Last Theorem

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