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An unprecedented window into how diseases take hold years before symptoms appear

https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-07-18/what-scientists-learned-scanning-the-bodies-of-100-000-brits
88•helsinkiandrew•4d ago
https://archive.md/0Fg1E

Comments

helsinkiandrew•4d ago
https://archive.ph/20250718060542/https://www.bloomberg.com/...
senectus1•5h ago
thats a cool study.

there should be more like it. (thanks for the archive link btw!)

chithanh•5h ago
> What UK Biobank is revealing, scan by scan and layer by layer, is that disease doesn’t arrive out of nowhere. It accumulates quietly, shaped by genes, environment, and habits.

I think that is already known for a while. It's called functional reserve, and was a big topic in HIV patients (and then again for SARS-CoV-2).

Like people with higher cognitive capabilities will be protected by those a bit longer before onset of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (or even dementia).

Same for kidneys: They have a functional reserve that you are born with gets used up during life, until it is gone. Acute kidney disease treatment is aimed at preserving whatever little function is left.

readthenotes1•5h ago
A very elderly doctor referred to "cognitive reserve", lamenting hen had more of it when younger.
tsoukase•5h ago
Functional reserve means you are completely well but the start of the disease is coming closer as the former is depleting.

Another case is when disease starts subtly and slowly _with_ initial symptoms that are otherwise not debilitating. Eg Alzheimer's starting decades ago by being forgetful.

I have no idea which one the post is reffering to.

findthewords•2h ago
Thankfully biology has redundancy, so a single cosmic bit flip does not send humans into a BSOD.
tsoukase•1h ago
In biomed sciences we rarely refer to the huge amount of resiliency of living organisms. They are so robust, stable and self healing that it would need a fleet of human made machines to cover the basic difficulties.
tasty_freeze•5h ago
I am a 61 year old guy. I've never been overweight, never smoked, I've never been drunk and drink only infrequently, and have been fitter than average ... sometimes very fit. A few years ago I decided to make an undirected kidney donation. I thought I'd be a slam dunk. Everything was great, except my eGFR (estimate granular filtration rate) was 73, and for many people it is more like 110, which disqualified me, as after donating my number would get cut in half, putting me at some risk.

So I pulled up blood work results going back 15 years that I had records for and found that 73 was my high score! It typically was mid 60s, with a low of 61. I have no idea why it is so low. Anyway, this is the reason I'm relating this story. It seems odd that my kidney function has gone up. It wasn't just a fluke -- I've had bloodwork done at least five times since then and I'm always in the mid 70s now.

flyinglizard•2h ago
I previously looked at eGFR numbers and they seem very ballpark-ish and prone to fluctuation, as their name implies. My understanding is that they are used to detect acute cases, rather than to give a real measurement of your kidneys if you’re well.
coldtea•1h ago
Maybe you lost weight or changed some aspects of your diet after 50?
gniv•1h ago
Your diet is less salty maybe?
manmal•4h ago
It would be interesting what this functional reserve is, right? The microbiome perhaps, or intracellular minerals? Some other thing we haven’t even identified?
chithanh•3h ago
In case of kidneys, my understanding is that only a certain subset of glomerular cells are actively filtrating blood at any given point. The other cells form the functional reserve, and start to become active once the other cells age out, or are disrupted due to an event (like poisoning, such as mycotoxin damage from eating moldy food). Once the functional reserve is exhausted however, no new cells can become active and you are left with whatever dwindling GFR you have, until you get a transplant.

With the vascular system you have example arterial elasticity which is an important measure of vascular health. When your blood vessels become less elastic it does not immediately cause symptoms, but it increases the risk of heart disease and stroke. This is also why periodontitis and gum disease is a predictor for vascular diseases: Bacteria enter the bloodstream through inflamed oral mucosa and form plaques along the blood vessels.

findthewords•2h ago
>"This is also why periodontitis and gum disease is a predictor for vascular diseases: Bacteria enter the bloodstream through inflamed oral mucosa and form plaques along the blood vessels."

And yet in the year 2025 dental care is globally treated as seperate from other healthcare, a strange historical artifact that clings on.

krisoft•2h ago
> It would be interesting what this functional reserve is, right?

It is most likely not a single thing.

Looking for "the functional reserve" is like looking for which part of an airplane is the "multiple redundancy". Or which line of code is the "fault tolerance" in google's code base. It is not a single part, it is all the parts working together.

Just looking at the kidney example (which is not the only kind of function we can describe having functional reserve.) functional reserve is that there are two kidneys, and each kidney have multiple renal pyramids, and if this or that part of the kidney functions worse other parts compensate and will work overtime.

Depletion of functional reserve is not something literally running out (like a fuel tank running empty), it is more like a marauding gang shooting computers in a cloud data center. Sure initially all works as it used to, because the system identifies the damaged components and routes the processing to other ones. But if they keep it up they will damage enough that the data center will keel over and can't do what it could do before.

(No, I'm not saying that a human body is literally a data center, or literally an airplane. What I'm saying is that all three shares the common theme that some process is maintained in the presence of faults.)

kulu2002•3h ago
Great study
alganet•2h ago
We have mainly three big things that started roughly at the same time: war (on Ukraine, then Gaza, then trade), artificial intelligence, and the covid flu.

I wonder if, in parts, the effects of the so called "mild covid" and "long covid" (usually attributed to post-flu) are nothing but psychological. There seems to be quite a cloud of uncertainty around the vast array of reported possible symptoms.

tgv•1h ago
The "between-the-ears" brigade is at it again. Just asking questions.
coldtea•1h ago
For most people Ukraine and Gaza are just very remote worries, unless of course they're related to people there or close to the conflicts.

AI might be real stressor for those losing their job, or bad for those using it as a virtual love interest or therapist, but it's mostly a remote worry for most too.

Of the three, only the covid flu could have real mild/long effects. But if you want to seek other psychological factors, iflation, the job market, the loneliness epidemic, and other such things are much more likely ones...

Lutger•1h ago
As someone who has seen multiple people close to me, including my wife, struggle with long covid, I can tell you the answer is simply no. Anecdotal, yes, but this shouldn't be an argument.

We are several years in now. These statements are actually pretty hurtful for people who have been through a lot. It's like saying you could beat cancer if you only wanted to, or if you didn't think all those negatives thoughts, you wouldn't be so ill now.

Not only is it suggesting that this misery is in some way 'your own fault', but it also implies that it isn't real, or serious, at least not in the same way other diseases are.

And yes, psychological problems are real too, indeed. But it is not the same. The origin narrative around a disease does in fact matter for people trying to cope with it, and how others see you, for insurance, for politics and medical care. Please be more respectful about it.

pjc50•21m ago
The Gaza conflict has been running since before 1948 at various levels of intensity, and the Ukraine conflict since 2012.

It's possible that social media is making people ill, but long COVID is very real and very different.

klabb3•18m ago
> I wonder if, in parts, the effects of the so called "mild covid" and "long covid" […] are nothing but psychological. There seems to be quite a cloud of uncertainty around the vast array of reported possible symptoms.

Uncertainty does not imply psychological. It’s like saying ”our users report a lot of different bugs that we can’t reproduce, they must be all imagined”, except the body is OOMs more complex than even the most carelessly developed enterprise application. There is uncertainty in every part of medicine, all the time. That’s why it takes time and is difficult (often too difficult) to root cause everything that happens.

If you have a novel pathogen with neurological effects (see olfactory impacts - people literally losing their sense of smell), it would be my first guess of mysterious symptoms rather than.. checks notes the war in Ukraine? Honestly I’m not sure how to connect your first sentence to the next.

findthewords•2h ago
Preventative treatment for disease is ten, hundred, thousand times cheaper than treatment ex post facto.
fxtentacle•2h ago
Only if you have an excellent health insurance plan. Otherwise, preventive treatment costs you money, while curative treatment is paid for you.

Sounds like a misguided incentive ...

nmstoker•1h ago
I think you may be missing the point: preventative treatment is typically much less expensive, for instance behaviour and dietary changes do not require drugs at all and avoiding some conditions can be helped by drugs which have long since come off patents.

But even with your point, all insurance companies I've ever had cover with in the UK have had some element of support for preventing illness (periodic assessments, support material and trackers) and, at least with people covered under company schemes, they clearly have an incentive to offer more if you are at risk of becoming affected by a preventable illness.

DarmokJalad1701•54m ago
My insurance covers annual bloodwork/physicals as well as immunizations. I am pretty sure most health insurance policies do.
chiefalchemist•2h ago
It’s interesting they make no mention of trying to understand the body’s ability to self-defend and self-heal. That is, it’s possible to get X (e.g., cancer) and the immune system wins the fight (before it’s even detected).

In theory it’s possible the best early treatment is no treatment at all; that there might be such a thing as too-early detection.

Jolter•34m ago
This is a well known phenomenon in medicine. It is always carefully considered when making public health decisions regarding e.g. screening programs and intervention best practices.

For example, a PSA test is useful to detect cancer of the prostate, if a male patient has urination problems. But doing general screening for high PSA values in middle aged men is not considered a good idea, because there are too many false positives and it would likely lead to many unnecessary invasive interventions.

Earw0rm•6m ago
It's also why "early detection leads to longer survival" claims in cancer patients has to be treated with quite some care.

Two people develop a fatal cancer at T0. One is diagnosed at T1, the other at T2, both die at T3.

It looks like the first person survived longer with cancer than the second, but they didn't: the interventions had no effect, it's just a statistical artifact.

This is by no means always the case - earlier detected cancer is more treatable - but it still needs to be controlled for.

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