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Power over Ethernet (PoE) basics and beyond

https://www.edn.com/poe-basics-and-beyond-what-every-engineer-should-know/
106•voxadam•5d ago•63 comments

rlsw – Raylib software OpenGL renderer in less than 5k LOC

https://github.com/raysan5/raylib/blob/master/src/external/rlsw.h
135•fschuett•7h ago•28 comments

OpenBSD 7.8 Released

https://cdn.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.8/ANNOUNCEMENT
84•paulnpace•2h ago•15 comments

Replacing a $3000/mo Heroku bill with a $55/mo server

https://disco.cloud/blog/how-idealistorg-replaced-a-3000mo-heroku-bill-with-a-55-server/
484•jryio•8h ago•339 comments

LLMs can get "brain rot"

https://llm-brain-rot.github.io/
318•tamnd•14h ago•180 comments

Neural audio codecs: how to get audio into LLMs

https://kyutai.org/next/codec-explainer
342•karimf•15h ago•103 comments

The Hidden Engineering of Niagara Falls

https://practical.engineering/blog/2025/10/21/the-hidden-engineering-of-niagara-falls
69•chmaynard•5h ago•1 comments

Ask HN: Our AWS account got compromised after their outage

222•kinj28•12h ago•57 comments

Wikipedia says traffic is falling due to AI search summaries and social video

https://techcrunch.com/2025/10/18/wikipedia-says-traffic-is-falling-due-to-ai-search-summaries-an...
321•gmays•1d ago•300 comments

Show HN: Modshim – a new alternative to monkey-patching in Python

https://github.com/joouha/modshim
14•joouha•5d ago•3 comments

NASA chief suggests SpaceX may be booted from moon mission

https://www.cnn.com/2025/10/20/science/nasa-spacex-moon-landing-contract-sean-duffy
253•voxleone•15h ago•738 comments

ChatGPT Atlas

https://chatgpt.com/atlas
599•easton•11h ago•569 comments

Mathematicians have found a hidden 'reset button' for undoing rotation

https://www.newscientist.com/article/2499647-mathematicians-have-found-a-hidden-reset-button-for-...
112•mikhael•5d ago•78 comments

Rectal oxygen delivery might soon be a real medical treatment

https://arstechnica.com/science/2025/10/butt-breathing-might-soon-be-a-real-medical-treatment/
133•zdw•5h ago•63 comments

Getting DeepSeek-OCR working on an Nvidia Spark via brute force with Claude Code

https://simonwillison.net/2025/Oct/20/deepseek-ocr-claude-code/
135•simonw•1d ago•24 comments

Build your own database

https://www.nan.fyi/database
420•nansdotio•11h ago•64 comments

Understanding conflict resolution and avoidance in PostgreSQL: a complete guide

https://www.pgedge.com/blog/living-on-the-edge
27•birdculture•1w ago•1 comments

Minds, brains, and programs (1980) [pdf]

https://home.csulb.edu/~cwallis/382/readings/482/searle.minds.brains.programs.bbs.1980.pdf
60•measurablefunc•1w ago•24 comments

60k kids have avoided peanut allergies due to 2015 advice, study finds

https://www.cbsnews.com/news/peanut-allergies-60000-kids-avoided-2015-advice/
307•zdw•1d ago•278 comments

Doomsday scoreboard

https://doomsday.march1studios.com/
191•diymaker•8h ago•87 comments

What do we do if SETI is successful?

https://www.universetoday.com/articles/what-do-we-do-if-seti-is-successful
131•leephillips•1d ago•214 comments

Foreign hackers breached a US nuclear weapons plant via SharePoint flaws

https://www.csoonline.com/article/4074962/foreign-hackers-breached-a-us-nuclear-weapons-plant-via...
339•zdw•12h ago•231 comments

The death of thread per core

https://buttondown.com/jaffray/archive/the-death-of-thread-per-core/
94•ibobev•1d ago•38 comments

Cdb: Add support for cdb64

https://cdb.cr.yp.to/download.html
75•kreco•4h ago•21 comments

Flexport Is Hiring SDRs in Chicago

https://job-boards.greenhouse.io/flexport/jobs/5690976?gh_jid=5690976
1•thedogeye•11h ago

Show HN: Katakate – Dozens of VMs per node for safe code exec

https://github.com/Katakate/k7
96•gbxk•13h ago•36 comments

Erowid - Documenting the Complex Relationship Between Humans and Psychoactives

https://www.erowid.org
27•slow_typist•7h ago•1 comments

KDE Connect: Enabling communication between all your devices

https://community.kde.org/KDEConnect
392•snthd•1w ago•160 comments

Diamond Thermal Conductivity: A New Era in Chip Cooling

https://spectrum.ieee.org/diamond-thermal-conductivity
178•rbanffy•17h ago•59 comments

Ilo – a Forth system running on UEFI

https://asciinema.org/a/Lbxa2w9R5IbaJqW3INqVrbX8E
108•rickcarlino•15h ago•42 comments
Open in hackernews

Power over Ethernet (PoE) basics and beyond

https://www.edn.com/poe-basics-and-beyond-what-every-engineer-should-know/
106•voxadam•5d ago

Comments

cyberax•4h ago
What about PoE for 10G Ethernet? I see that there are some vendors (e.g. Ubiquity) that are offering devices with it, but I don't see it in the standards?
VanTheBrand•3h ago
As of 802.3bt (PoE++) the standard includes support for “all standardized copper link speeds of up to 10GBASE-T.” The previous standard 802.3at (PoE+) added gigabit support.

So any 10GbE (and 2.5GbE) PoE/PoE+ devices out there are technically not to spec (lots of these on Ali Express) but I believe the the Ubiquiti 10GbE stuff is all at least PoE++. [1]

(They do have their own non spec labeled PoE+++ products though, which are really just “802.3bt Type 4” but they added another plus because that probably sounded better.) [2]

[1] https://store.ui.com/us/en/products/us-xg-6poe, https://store.ui.com/us/en/category/accessories-poe-power/co...

[2] https://store.ui.com/us/en/category/accessories-poe-power/co... , https://help.ui.com/hc/en-us/articles/115000263008-PoE-Avail...

zamadatix•3h ago
I think every major vendor has had 10G PoE switches: Arista, Aruba/HPE/Juniper, Cisco, Extreme, and Fortinet for sure. The problem is there is little use case for 10G + PoE in the enterprise and even less for consumers. Ubiquity likes to tout it for the 10G APs... but, realistically, most are worried about airtime with APs, not 10G wired throughput from a single one when they have a thousand.

As a result, it tends to be relegated to the "high end switch which has every feature those one-off customers demand but costs an arm and a leg as a result" model/family. E.g. the only ones I ever sold were to a hospital that wanted to have select switches have 10G for radiology workstations but also wanted to still be able to plug 1G APs in without having to think about the port types. Radiology was covering the cost, so they didn't care it was a waste of money.

VanTheBrand•2h ago
I find it useful in Broadcast Video Production (that’s where I end up using it most) and yeah with Wifi7 supporting > gigabit speeds I’ve seen some Wireless Access Points supporting it (though 2.5GbE Poe++ is more common there and practically speaking enough)
zer00eyz•2h ago
My question is this: what would you plug into POE that would need 10gbe?
wmf•2h ago
A multi-radio WiFi 8 AP?
zer00eyz•1h ago
You would likely need fiber to saturate it...
mrheosuper•2h ago
an all nand-flash NAS ?
fc417fc802•1h ago
What if you need a small switch somewhere due to the runs otherwise being too long?
MBCook•1h ago
I had no idea it could supply 90 watts or so. At that point you could power some pretty powerful terminals.

The new 14” MacBook Pro comes with a 70 watt charger. An M4 Air only gets a 35 watt adapter.

Basically seems like enough power is available to run something pretty powerful.

cyberax•1h ago
I have a WiFi 6 AP that can saturate a 2.5GB link when I test it with two devices. So far, for me the peak speed for an individual device was around 1.6GB

I have not yet tested WiFi 7 APs, but they are supposed to be even faster. The use-case for me is video editing over WiFi (I do have a 10GBe Thunderbolt adapter but hey, I like wireless).

brcmthrowaway•3h ago
1. Why are IEC/Edison cables so thick if Ethernet can carry the equivalent power?

2. How does PoE compare to Powerline Networking?

otterley•3h ago
No Ethernet cable that I’m aware of is capable of carrying anywhere near 15A of current. Even type 4 (90W assuming 57V) is 1.5A.
skinner927•3h ago
1. Assuming IEC refers to cables we plug a desktop PSU into mains/wall: IEC can carry up to 1800w vs 100w PoE++

2. Powerline networking is considerably slower and less reliable than CAT5/6. Additionally, building code for running power lines is much more strict than low voltage CAT5/6

skopje•3h ago
PoE is awesome. My custom home security system is all CCTV PoE with a gstreamer backend running on four-core fanless linux box. Way to go. Complete control. No batteries, no wares spying on me, no personal data getting scraped by big guys. (Cloud connectivity sucks because I have segmented mp4s and jogging through them hurts but I only care for events after they happen, not while they happen.)
skulk•3h ago
Got any recommendations on what cameras to get? The market is absolutely flooded with cheap shitty cloud-connected all-in-one cameras making it hard to find good, simple products.
stargrazer•3h ago
reolink, also look at the frigate nvr software, they have a list for decent recommendations
zer00eyz•2h ago
This is the way.

Reolink cameras are pretty good for what they are. Just dont buy into their NVR solution...

Frigate also has some interesting applications to go along with it, see: https://github.com/mmcc-xx/WhosAtMyFeeder

I also have YOLO on my to do list for the home cameras.

lights0123•3h ago
Any of those that mention ONVIF or RTSP will do if you put them on a LAN without internet access
Cyberdogs7•1h ago
I have built out several Amcrest systems. You have the many options for recording and access, that will allow remote access without going to the cloud.
foobarkey•40m ago
The cheapest (~15 USD bullet, 20 USD dome) PoE cameras on AliExpress (focal length is pretty much the most important parameter to look at, depending on the fov you want) hooked up to a Unifi NVR. Skip all the vendor manuals, setup steps, and apps - adopt them directly to Unifi Protect.

I put them on separate vlan where they get no outbound network connectivity.

For cases where you want things like facial detection or license plate detection (automatic doors/gates) get a Unifi AI though and those things cost, but for normal perimeter/room monitoring the cheap ones are very good

shadowpho•44m ago
Poe is great for many things, but it’s not as efficient as direct connection (for both low and high power.)
rmunn•3h ago
Practical question for HN: How do you all label your PoE cables so that you don't accidentally plug the powered cable into a socket that wasn't expecting 48 volts on those pins and fry something? (I know the power injector is supposed to only deliver power when it's safe, but if all your devices work exactly as they should all the time, then I'd like to buy that bridge in Manhattan you're selling).

Do you buy Ethernet cables of different colors and say "Yellow is reserved for PoE, all yellow cables should be assumed to have power on them"? Or do you slap a "48V" label on both ends of the cables you're going to use for PoE and the label is what warns you that this cable should only go into the PoE receiver, and not into an unpowered device? Or do you just not label your PoE cables any differently, and trust that the injector will never malfunction at the same time that you plug the PoE cable into the wrong device?

leoh•3h ago
What every engineer really should know!
supertrope•2h ago
Always buy standards based equipment. 802.3af, 802.3at, 802.3bt. You can label cables and jacks with red lettering (“Passive PoE. will fry your laptop port. Really!”) but it only takes one mistake to let the magic smoke out.
VanTheBrand•2h ago
I completely avoid passive PoE. Not worth the risk. On the standardized active stuff I’ve never had any issues even when I’ve plugged it broken cables to unpowered devices.
Kirby64•2h ago
Unless you’re using the “passive” PoE variants (ubiquiti sold these for awhile, for instance) that always has voltage on the pins, there is no risk. Negotiation is mandatory for the actual IEEE variants. Just use those and don’t worry about it.
doubleg72•2h ago
Well the entire point of standards is so things work exactly as they should every time. I haven’t seen any issues with standards based poe
hackmiester•2h ago
All 21,000 ports I administer have 802.3 standard PoE enabled at all times. Incidents of inadvertent powering are at zero. I think this is just a non problem.
generuso•1h ago
From what I have seen, Ethernet ports always have a small isolation transformer for each twisted pair, between the connector and the PHY. Usually four of such transformers are combined in one small magnetics package. The insulation in the transformer is specified to withstand over a kilovolt of lightning induced voltage -- that's one of the purposes of such galvanic isolation.

The data travels as the differential voltage in each of the twisted pairs, and is transmitted magnetically by the transformer to the secondary winding. The power is applied between different pairs, and in each pair appears as a common mode voltage. This is all stopped by the transformer, and in devices designed to support PoE, the PoE circuits tap the mid-point of the primary windings to access the supplied voltage.

So at a first glance, it seems that if 48 volts is applied between the twisted pairs to a non-PoE device, this voltage would simply be blocked by the transformer. But since there is a widespread concern about this, there must be more to the story -- maybe somebody who actually worked with these circuits can explain why this is more complicated than it seems at first?

Edit: Found an answer. It seems that at least some of the designs of non-PoE Ethernet jacks terminate the common mode signals to a common ground though 75 Ohm resistors. In this case, if the voltage were applied between the twisted pairs, the resistors would dissipate far too much power and would burn out. So there is definitely a concern with the dumb PoE injectors and at least some non-PoE devices. https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/459169/how-c...

stego-tech•2h ago
PoE is a godsend that should really be in more consumer devices and households, alongside structured wiring. An AppleTV, Chromecast, or NVIDIA Shield can easily fit within the envelope of PoE+, as can many enterprise-grade switches and WAPs (see UniFi as an example). Converting AC to DC once at the switch is more efficient (in resources and often, but not always, power) than including bulky PSUs for every device, while simplifying the ease of setup for end users (in theory).

Whenever possible, I opt for PoE. It’s a damn shame it’s limited to a niche userbase given its myriad advantages.

dfc•2h ago
In my head enterprise grade switch has 48 ports with some >10g SFPs for uplink. What does enterprise grade mean to you? And what enterprise grade switches are poe powered?
hackmiester•2h ago
Arista 710P for instance. I don’t see what port count has to do with it, it runs the same OS and has the same capabilities as all their other switches. Cisco has a Catalyst 9k like this too.
dfc•1h ago
In my head, one of the things that makes up an "enterprise grade" switch is 48 ports. Because "for the enterprise", in my opinion, evokes some idea of large scale deployment, not a mom and pop trinket store with one PoS cash register device and three company computers.

What does enterprise grade mean to you?

greycol•1h ago
It's such a wide field that it's hard to pin down. I agree if your thinking about what a business that isn't just a handful of people needs then we'd be looking at the kind of switch you're thinking of if it has standard office workers. But soon as you start talking about businesses that are manipulating central data (which keep in mind would probably include most primary business, design workers or anyone working with media not just software people) you're talking about a wide gamut of devices that you wouldn't really (at least traditionally) call consumer grade.

Mikrotik website has a good selection of them and if you look at the other hardware types it'll be interesting in getting an idea of weird things you don't see in normal offices.

https://mikrotik.com/products/group/switches

Apart from obviously larger bandwidth options like 28qfsp 100gb (I'm unaware if mikrotik does them but 400gb is normal in some circles) there's things like reverse POE switches, media converter switches, and all sfp+ switches.

Poe++ exists and you can use switches with it to power poe+ switches that will power poe switches. Or they can be used to power laptops or NUCS directly.

wmf•2h ago
Probably USB-C wall outlets will end up solving this instead.
greycol•1h ago
Which is ok if done right, but if they're anything like the usb-a ones there'll be plenty that are continuously pulling much more power than they need let alone the danger of uncertified ones.

For those thinking about adding one they've grabbed off amazon and installing themselves, please do a bit of hunting and reading rather than just buying the first word soup brand cheapest ones. Also remember installing uncertified electronics in your walls is a good way to void your insurance if they're the cause of disaster and turn it into a legal battle even if they're not.

userbinator•1h ago
Besides being reversible, USB-C is a horrible connector. Tiny contacts, no positive retention, and a massively overengineered standard that should've been broken up.
morshu9001•2h ago
Might be because it's scary. User plugs passive poe into something not expecting it, magic smoke
ianburrell•2h ago
Passive PoE is evil, standard PoE is safe since does negotiation.
morshu9001•2h ago
Step 1 is to eradicate passive poe then
ocdtrekkie•1h ago
Passive PoE is already extremely rare today. Early Ubiquiti stuff probably is the most passive PoE stuff likely still in service.
ianburrell•1h ago
Ubiquiti has stopped selling anything with passive 24V PoE, and has lots of standard PoE. The risk is low since I think only worked with injector so no switches providing power to everything.
ianburrell•1h ago
There are finally PoE adapters that give USB-C power and USB Ethernet. Those should allow home theater devices to be powered and use wired Ethernet. But the ones I have found are expensive, but should drop if there is demand.
stego-tech•1h ago
I already use splitters throughout my stack and devices, but that’s additional material and complexity cost compared to native PoE.
scottlamb•1h ago
> Converting AC to DC once at the switch is more efficient (in resources and often, but not always, power)

Can you expand on "often, but not always, power"? Here's my guess:

* It's more efficient for the small stuff: little wall warts aren't very efficient I think in part because there's some no-load consumption for each. The switch pays that no-load cost once for many devices and has like an 80-plus gold or better PSU, hopefully. And then I think even cheap buck converters are like 95% efficient; they have some no-load consumption too but I think less than the wall warts? And even though this goes over 2 (or 4) tiny wires, at 48V–56V, the current is low enough that power loss is not bad because those wires are just for one small device, and P=I^2R.

* It's less efficient for the big stuff: that P=I^2R starts to suck for the PoE case, and in the non-PoE case they're more likely to have efficient AC->DC conversion on their own. 90% efficient beats 90% * 95% efficient.

toomuchtodo•1h ago
It’s supported by the latest revision of Glinet’s Comet kvm over IP hardware, which was a cool upgrade imho.

https://www.gl-inet.com/products/gl-rm1/

somerandomqaguy•1h ago
Doesn't really make any sense to in that example.

Where ever you're putting the TV you have to put in regular power anyways, so it's fairly tidy to just put the device's power cable parallel with the TV's power cable. WiFi will handle communication. On the other hand, NEC and CEC requires minimum of 2 inches gap for communication wiring to electrical so you're now you've got that minor complication.

POE makes sense mostly when it makes sense to combine communication and power cabling. Corded phones, wifi access points, security cameras, small touch screen modules, etc. Not saying what you're doing can't work, but the added expense of installing parallel CAT6 everywhere doesn't seem worth it.

RulerOf•7m ago
> An AppleTV, Chromecast, or NVIDIA Shield can easily fit within the envelope of PoE+

I ended up buying a PoE extractor and barrel plug adapter for my Roku, and another extractor for my HDHomeRun.

It annoyed the heck out of me that they had PoE running to them and still had to be plugged into a separate transformer.

mmaunder•2h ago
Jeez top post on HN and there's a full overlay ad to "download a mac extension". This deserves a summary post to save others the click. Here's the "what every engineer should know" without the spam:

PoE (Power over Ethernet) sends both DC power and data through the same twisted-pair Ethernet cable, allowing devices like IP cameras, wireless access points, and VoIP phones to run without separate power lines. The power is delivered by Power Sourcing Equipment (PSE) — either an endspan (built-in PoE switch) or a midspan (PoE injector placed between a non-PoE switch and the device). The powered device (PD) negotiates power via detection and classification before voltage is applied, preventing damage to non-PoE gear. IEEE 802.3af (Type 1) provides up to 15.4 W at the source, 802.3at/PoE+ (Type 2) up to 25.5 W delivered, and 802.3bt (Type 3/4) extends that to roughly 60–90 W using all four wire pairs. Engineers need to understand not just wiring, but also cable category limits, pair usage, power losses over distance, and heat dissipation — especially at higher power levels. Modern PoE designs must consider standards compliance, thermal management, and efficiency, as power density rises with new generations of PoE technology.

pwg•12m ago
With UblockOrigin in default deny all javascript mode there was no overlay ad.
IncreasePosts•6m ago
Running a browser with javascript disabled is great, I recommend it to everyone. More often than not, you get a better experience - more responsive, your battery lasts longer, fewer ads. And, if the site breaks for some reason, you just allow list the site and reload.
willis936•1h ago
Other stuff engineers should know:

- PoE endpoints should have isolation barriers, factor this into cost and size estimates

- Don't skimp on TVS

- ideal diode full bridge rectifiers are really cool and you should use them (in more power entries than just PoE)

dynode•1h ago
Awesome I’m just doing a POE design now.

- Was having a conversation today about isolation and grounding for POE (product has a metal case). Do you have a reference? Or standard?

- TVS ahead of the bridge right?

- Do you have a part recommendation or reference design for ideal diode POE?

Animats•36m ago
Not clear on how multiple sources on the same cable work. Is that allowed? Is there a power break at midspan, or does power flow through? How are the regulators coordinated?
RandomBacon•7m ago
Question for anyone who might have a suggestion:

I have a Ring home security system. I would like to get an offline home CCTV that only records when the alarm is set (either in Home or Away).

A quick internet search does not show an API. I'm not sure Ring has a device that I could wire a relay (if that's the right thing) to.

dang•3m ago
[stub for offtopicness]
davydm•5d ago
came for the poetry, left with an engineering lesson
leoh•3h ago
I'm just, like, vibe-coding, man. Why do I need to know about PoE?
scuff3d•1h ago
Not gonna lie, I'm kind of disappointed this isn't a Path of Exile tutorial for engineers.
elromulous•1h ago
"every engineer"? Should a chemical or nuclear energy engineer have to know about PoE?
ThrowawayTestr•1h ago
Sure. It's really useful if you're setting up a home security network.
JoshGG•21m ago
POE. Purity Of Essence ?