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Square Theory

https://aaronson.org/blog/square-theory
327•aaaronson•5h ago•63 comments

Why the Original Macintosh Had a Screen Resolution of 512×324

https://512pixels.net/2025/05/original-macintosh-resolution/
28•ingve•56m ago•7 comments

Running GPT-2 in WebGL: Rediscovering the Lost Art of GPU Shader Programming

https://nathan.rs/posts/gpu-shader-programming/
53•nathan-barry•2h ago•11 comments

Pyrefly vs. Ty: Comparing Python's two new Rust-based type checkers

https://blog.edward-li.com/tech/comparing-pyrefly-vs-ty/
188•edwardjxli•5h ago•80 comments

In Vietnam, an unlikely outpost for Chicano culture

https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2025-05-27/chicano-culture-vietnam
15•donnachangstein•48m ago•2 comments

How a hawk learned to use traffic signals to hunt more successfully

https://www.frontiersin.org/news/2025/05/23/street-smarts-hawk-use-traffic-signals-hunting
284•layer8•9h ago•90 comments

Launch HN: Relace (YC W23) – Models for fast and reliable codegen

56•eborgnia•4h ago•26 comments

LumoSQL

https://lumosql.org/src/lumosql/doc/trunk/README.md
192•smartmic•10h ago•76 comments

BGP handling bug causes widespread internet routing instability

https://blog.benjojo.co.uk/post/bgp-attr-40-junos-arista-session-reset-incident
216•robin_reala•9h ago•99 comments

Space Selfie

https://space.crunchlabs.com/
11•rossdavidh•2d ago•1 comments

Show HN: Malai – securely share local TCP services (database/SSH) with others

https://malai.sh/hello-tcp/
74•amitu•6h ago•31 comments

The Art of Fugue – Contrapunctus I (2021)

https://www.ethanhein.com/wp/2021/the-art-of-fugue-contrapunctus-i/
85•xeonmc•7h ago•41 comments

Roundtable (YC S23) Is Hiring a Member of Technical Staff

https://www.ycombinator.com/companies/roundtable/jobs/ZTZHEbb-member-of-technical-staff
1•timshell•3h ago

I salvaged $6k of luxury items discarded by Duke students

https://indyweek.com/culture/duke-students-dumpster-diving/
108•drvladb•4h ago•121 comments

Outcome-Based Reinforcement Learning to Predict the Future

https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.17989
66•bturtel•7h ago•8 comments

DuckLake is an integrated data lake and catalog format

https://ducklake.select/
175•kermatt•7h ago•66 comments

The Hobby Computer Culture

https://technicshistory.com/2025/05/24/the-hobby-computer-culture/
68•cfmcdonald•3d ago•34 comments

Comparing Docusaurus and Starlight and why we made the switch

https://glasskube.dev/blog/distr-docs/
24•pmig•4d ago•6 comments

GitHub MCP exploited: Accessing private repositories via MCP

https://invariantlabs.ai/blog/mcp-github-vulnerability
402•andy99•1d ago•263 comments

Show HN: Free mammogram analysis tool combining deep learning and vision LLM

http://mammo.neuralrad.com:5300
15•coolwulf•5h ago•12 comments

Worlds first petahertz transistor at ambient conditions

https://news.arizona.edu/news/u-researchers-developing-worlds-first-petahertz-speed-phototransistor-ambient-conditions
84•ChuckMcM•3d ago•56 comments

Cows get GPS collars to stop them falling in river

https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cj4229k744lo
53•zeristor•3d ago•54 comments

Just make it scale: An Aurora DSQL story

https://www.allthingsdistributed.com/2025/05/just-make-it-scale-an-aurora-dsql-story.html
81•cebert•9h ago•26 comments

Trying to teach in the age of the AI homework machine

https://www.solarshades.club/p/dispatch-from-the-trenches-of-the
397•notarobot123•1d ago•554 comments

The Myth of Developer Obsolescence

https://alonso.network/the-recurring-cycle-of-developer-replacement-hype/
276•cat-whisperer•10h ago•307 comments

Show HN: Lazy Tetris

https://lazytetris.com/
263•admtal•17h ago•111 comments

Show HN: Maestro – A Framework to Orchestrate and Ground Competing AI Models

10•defqon1•2h ago•2 comments

Why Cline doesn't index your codebase

https://cline.bot/blog/why-cline-doesnt-index-your-codebase-and-why-thats-a-good-thing
125•intrepidsoldier•7h ago•96 comments

Highlights from the Claude 4 system prompt

https://simonwillison.net/2025/May/25/claude-4-system-prompt/
285•Anon84•23h ago•77 comments

From OpenAPI spec to MCP: How we built Xata's MCP server

https://xata.io/blog/built-xata-mcp-server
28•tudorg•2d ago•11 comments
Open in hackernews

Get PC BIOS back on UEFI only system

https://github.com/FlyGoat/csmwrap
167•bonki•23h ago

Comments

ehutch79•22h ago
Why?
p_ing•22h ago
DOS. Can’t think of any other reason.
okanat•22h ago
You get better DOS emulation with DOSBox, rather than trying to make the modern peripherals work on a CSM / BIOS system.
kevin_thibedeau•19h ago
DOSBox doesn't give access to real hardware. DOSemu doesn't run well on 64-bit machines. If you need unfettered hardware access, FreeDOS on the bare machine is the best option.
mycall•17h ago
What about using PCem? It does well emulating real hardware.
kevin_thibedeau•15h ago
That does one no good if you need something connected to a parallel port.
ale42•13h ago
Actually it does give some. I'm using old ham radio software like CT9 under Windows 64-bits using DOSBox-X, with the parallel port configured in pass-through mode. DOSBox-X supplies a specific driver for this kind of direct hardware access. Of course not everything will work that way.
II2II•22h ago
The two reasons I can think of: to run legacy or educational operating systems. There are going to be limitations to what can be supported, but simply getting the OS to boot is part of the battle. It would also be useful for those who want to experiment with operating systems by creating their own. Yes you can do that without BIOS support, but there are many old tutorials floating around that depend upon BIOS support. The BIOS was also created as a primitive hardware compatibility layer, so it will provide basic support for things like I/O.
Retr0id•20h ago
You get a better experience on the educational front from booting them in a VM, but it's certainly more fun to boot on real hardware.
axiolite•22h ago
From the project page: "Boot FreeDOS, Windows XP, and Windows 7"

Additionally, it was just 3 years ago that memtest86plus finally got a UEFI version. That was painful for a few years there. (Though the 4GB RAM limit would have made this not an ideal solution.)

I'm sure there are other such self-hosting utilities that haven't been and may not be ported/rewritten to work under UEFI.

sdflhasjd•8h ago
I think I remember Windows 7 (and maybe even Vista) supported UEFI natively.
justsomehnguy•1h ago
It's a mishmash. Vista and 7 can't boot from the GPT partitions and overall widespread UEFI support on the hardware is ~2013, way beyond Vista and very late in 7 lifecycle.
o11c•22h ago
Huh, Github fails quite badly at dealing with submodules from other forges.
LukeShu•22h ago
Very cool hack.

But, as okanat says, if the goal is to run legacy operating systems, then modern hardware is going to be challenging in other ways too. IME the biggest thing I want PC BIOS back for is the ability to use non-GPT disk layouts, which this doesn't accomplish as, as to use it you put it on the EFI partition on your GPT disk.

skissane•21h ago
MBR and GPT can coexist on the same disk - MBR goes in sector 0, GPT starts in sector 1. Normally the MBR in sector 0 is “protective” (it just marks the whole disk as in use), but in theory you can create a “hybrid” disk in which the MBR and GPT both describe the same partitions. I suppose you could even reserve most of the disk as one big GPT partition and then split that up into multiple MBR partitions. You’d have to be very careful editing the partition table on such a disk because standard tools might break it.
rjst01•13h ago
In practice, whether or not this actually works can be very hit-or-miss. We've found several UEFI implementations will not consider a disk bootable if the pMBR doesn't exactly match the spec, which specifies that the 'protective' partition shouldn't be marked as bootable in the MBR partition table.

Meanwhile, other implementations will not consider the disk bootable in BIOS mode if the partition in the pMBR is not marked bootable.

mintsuki•13h ago
Indeed! Which is why the only portable solution is to not do this.

For stuff that needs to be bootable by both BIOS and UEFI the only portable solution is to use MBR, not GPT. That means all legacy BIOS systems will boot it, and so will all UEFI systems since UEFI must support MBR.

For ISOs that need to additionally be booted off of optical media (aka ISOHYBRIDs) the story gets more complicated, but ultimately what you need to take away from that is the same: avoid GPT at all cost.

skissane•11h ago
I wonder… does the UEFI spec mandate any particular behaviour in these cases? Does the UEFI SCT test for it?

Seems like an inconsistency which could be addressed by adding it to the spec and/or test suite.

I guess the other thing I don’t know, is whether there is any actual real world pressure on firmware vendors to pass the test suite.

mintsuki•19h ago
By spec, UEFI is required to support both MBR and GPT, so there is literally nothing stopping you from using MBR.
LukeShu•17h ago
Too late to edit: non-GPT, non-MBR

For instance, whole-disk btrfs. Or old BSD partition schemes.

mintsuki•15h ago
That is a very niche use case, and also won't really work on most real BIOS machines as they actually check for a proper MBR and/or BPB (and no GPT), which is also why GPT on BIOS support is very spotty, since a lot of BIOSes will detect the GPT and refuse to boot, or refuse to boot in legacy (CSM) mode.

In any case that is far beyond the original scope of booting old PC OSes, which MBR support alone serves really well (99.9% of the way there, really), which is why I assumed by default you were thinking of MBR, not some other weird scheme.

superkuh•7h ago
GPT is not UEFI. It's just the format of the storage device. I have many computers with GPT formatted disks with actual master boot records at the start of the disk that boot MBR on both original BIOS machines and CSM BIOS machines.

MBR is two things with the same name. It is both the format of the storage device and describes a booting mode using a master boot record and up to 4 partitions.

GPT is one thing. It is a format for a storage device. It is the alternative to the MBR format for storage devices. It has nothing to do with (U)EFI.

BIOS or BIOS/csm are not types of formats for storage devices. They are types of boot processes. (U)EFI is another type of boot process.

You can easily mix and match boot types (BIOS/csm vs UEFI) and storage device format types (GPT vs MBR). As others have said, there may be some slight incompatibilities on some rare hardware/software configs, but mostly it just works.

nicman23•15h ago
you probably can with uefi modules
Kwpolska•14h ago
How much benefit would there be in whole-disk btrfs? The space taken up by GPT and the FAT32 EFI partition is a rounding error compared to the sizes of modern disks.
adrian_b•11h ago
I have used only whole-disk XFS SSDs and HDDs for more than a decade.

While the space wasted by GPT and partitions and by the arbitrary alignment rules used by various formatting tools is not great, I do not see any reason why it should exist. The space wasted now with GPT and UEFI is several orders of magnitude greater than it was with traditional partition tables, so eliminating it has become more attractive.

Such SSDs and HDDs are not bootable, but for me this is a desirable feature, not a bug. I boot my computers either from Ethernet (e.g. most of my servers) or from a removable USB memory.

The SSDs and HDDs with a whole-disk file system are also wholly encrypted. As in a proper encryption implementation, there is complete separation between the encrypted data and the encryption key. The encrypted disks or their hosting computers do not contain any information about decryption, unlike in many systems of disk encryption. The encrypted decryption keys can be found only on external or remote boot media, which are not normally associated with the hosting computers.

cesarb•4h ago
> I have used only whole-disk XFS SSDs and HDDs for more than a decade.

I wouldn't recommend that. It makes the disk appear to be empty to many tools (and possibly some operating systems), which could lead to data loss. That's the reason GPT has the protective MBR: it makes the disk appear to be full to legacy tools which don't understand the GPT format.

adrian_b•2h ago
You are right, and such disks will appear as empty to any tool or OS, but I will never insert any of my SSDs or HDDs that are used in this way in a computer that I do not control.

Windows frequently overwrites any bootable Linux drive, so it might have even less restraints with an apparently empty drive that does not have GPT structure.

Because of the risk of Windows messing with them, I also do not insert any of my bootable USB memories in a live Windows computer, even when they have GPT structure. For data interchange with Windows, I use only clean and non-bootable exFAT formatted USB memories.

mmastrac•22h ago
> Windows XP/7's video modesetting logic is a bit mysterious. It may try to set a incompatible mode using int10h, which will cause flickering or even black screen after transferring control to the legacy OS.

I would really love to know more about this.

I assume it's this VGA driver:

https://github.com/tongzx/nt5src/tree/master/Source/XPSP1/NT...

ronsor•21h ago
Wow, Microsoft open-sourced Windows XP?
mmastrac•21h ago
... uhh, not really. :)
skissane•21h ago
Microsoft owns GitHub, and GitHub is crawling with Windows source code leaks… and I’m wondering it anyone at Microsoft really cares? Is it possible they’ve even made an intentional decision just to ignore it?

If it were an Oracle source code leak, I expect they’d have a crack team of lawyers suing people 24x7 until it was all gone… maybe that’s why there haven’t (to my knowledge) been any Oracle source code leaks (I vaguely remember one of Solaris, but that wasn’t such a clearcut case since IIRC it was mostly previously open sourced code)

Well, it wouldn’t surprise me if some unfriendly intelligence agency somewhere had succeeded in stealing some of it, but if they have, they are unlikely to release it publicly

jsheard•21h ago
> Microsoft owns GitHub, and GitHub is crawling with Windows source code leaks… and I’m wondering it anyone at Microsoft really cares?

Even weirder is that GitHub hosts all of the tools for activating (i.e. cracking) modern versions of Windows and Office as well. Microsoft really doesn't care.

adiabatichottub•21h ago
Why should they? They have bulk licensing deals with PC OEMs and large organizations. They've already got the big money. J. Random Hacker building a PC isn't even a rounding error to them.
michaelmrose•20h ago
Quite right in fact limited weak copyright protection helps retain marketshare that might be lost otherwise especially when that weak protection in fact costs little real revenue.
aspenmayer•19h ago
It looks even smarter from the MS side when you think of all the threat intel that they gather from pirated Windows installs that can be used as a baseline to compare legit installs against.
userbinator•19h ago
Also, they still get the ad revenue and telemetry if you pirate Windows and otherwise leave it stock.

...of which the tools to disable that invasiveness are also on GitHub, so maybe they just care more about maintaining marketshare.

FuriouslyAdrift•5h ago
Microsoft's current business is its cloud services, not Windows. Windows is just an onramp to their SaaS subscriptions.
AStonesThrow•20h ago
When I started college in 1989, my Pascal programming class used a cluster of AT&T 3B2 systems running SVR3. I poked around those systems like crazy over the course of two quarters. I don't remember if there was any significant source code exposed to unprivileged users.

During the mid-90s, the Unix Wars were raging and Unix System Labs was suing U.C. Berkeley over the intellectual property of Unix source code. Unix had been written at AT&T Bell Labs, but Berkeley had licensed and forked their own, based on improved networking code, and by this time it was ready to run on i386 systems. In fact, USL had borrowed back some BSD code, allegedly without crediting them. Berkeley had been busy removing AT&T code and replacing it, so they could relicense BSD Unix.

USL, part of AT&T (but later purchased by Novell), contended that Berkeley could not easily make a "clean room implementation" of any kernel code or device drivers, if those programmers had read or worked with original AT&T source code. They told the courts (and journalists) that the programmers might be tempted to reproduce proprietary Unix code, consciously or subconsciously, and therefore, these programmers were permanently "Mentally Contaminated" and Berkeley should not be allowed to continue distributing BSD [BSDi] Unix.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX_System_Laboratories,_Inc.....

So when I attended Usenix LISA in 1994, this 3-year lawsuit was at a fever pitch, and someone on the convention floor had manufactured large buttons for attendees to wear, proudly proclaiming "MENTALLY CONTAMINATED", and all the admins and systems programmers had a good laugh about the absurdity of trying to keep a lid on proprietary source code by policing everyone who's ever seen one of its files.

joshuaissac•6h ago
This type of restriction is still applied to contributors to the ReactOS project, in that contributions are not accepted from those who have seen any leaked Windows source code or have worked for Microsoft.
rzzzt•15h ago
MS offers (or offered back in the day of Win2000 and XP) access to source code for governments, system integrators and academic institutions as part of its Shared Source Initiative:

- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative#Overv...

- https://news.microsoft.com/source/2002/02/21/microsoft-annou...

skissane•11h ago
And it is pretty clear that’s where most or all of these leaks actually came from, not from within Microsoft. e.g. the NT4 and 2000 leaks apparently came from Mainsoft

I don’t know the current status of those source code access programs but I believe at least some of them are still in effect. IIRC, to stop the Chinese government from dumping Windows, they had to give them source code access, but I believe they are planning to dump it anyway, they see relying on US proprietary software for their government operations as too big a risk

kevinsync•21h ago
The little bit I perused is very readable code.. like enjoyable to read. There are a lot of stylistic decisions that always felt "right" to me (general spacing, commenting style, horizontal alignment of equals signs, etc) -- but FWIW the first codebase I ever read (and probably imprinted on me indelibly) was DikuMUD, which is kind of in the same ballpark.

Anyways, very cool to see.

bitwize•17h ago
I... wouldn't confess to having perused illegally leaked Windows source, as it could taint you and make you ineligible to contribute to certain projects, like Wine.
Kwpolska•14h ago
That's Wine's problem, not mine.
arccy•10h ago
if you read it but didn't confess, you'd still be ineligible, you'd be harming rather than helping wine if you did sneak in contributions.
stewarts•13m ago
What percentage of people reading HN do you think are actively contributing to WINE source? I'm going to go out on a limb and claim less than a tenth of a percent. And that, to me, is probably 10-100x too high of a threshold.
p_ing•21h ago
> https://github.com/tongzx/nt5src/blob/master/Source/XPSP1/NT...

> It is based on the SpiderSTREAMS source, stremul\msgsrvr.c.

There's some special history.

skissane•21h ago
I’d love to know if any apps ever actually used the STREAMS support in Windows NT 3/4; I’ve never seen any
LeFantome•2h ago
It is kind of amazing that Microsoft hosts leaked Windows source code on their own website.

Could this be seen a distribution by Microsoft? I mean, if you can sue Pirate Bay for the content they host...

userbinator•19h ago
This is like the reverse of the bootloaders first pioneered by the Hackintosh community to boot UEFI macOS on traditional BIOS systems.

and VESA VBIOS from SeaBIOS project

Unfortunately I believe modern GPUs without a standard VBIOS may not act enough like an IBM VGA for a generic VGA VBIOS to work, so I see another project for someone in the future: a retrofit VBIOS, especially for those GPUs e.g. Intel's for which lots of open-source driver code and documentation is available but later models no longer come with a VBIOS.

Perhaps also injecting a true CSM from an old closed-source UEFI BIOS, before they started removing it, is worth doing as in my limited experience SeaBIOS isn't as quite compatible as the closed-source ones for some edge-cases.

mjg59•19h ago
It's actually pretty much the same as the project to get Windows running on Intel Macs before Apple released Boot Camp
kotaKat•10h ago
I'd love to see someone tackle eMMC support on older machines as the next step.
3036e4•8h ago
Amazing! I thought all hope of ever running FreeDOS on the bare metal again on new hardware was lost, but maybe using this code (or something similar) a future FreeDOS installer can fix this at least on some systems.
coolcoder613•8h ago
I have been looking for something like this for a long time, I am glad to see it now exists.