Author here. I found that duplicating a specific block of 7 middle layers in Qwen2-72B, without modifying any weights, improved performance across all Open LLM Leaderboard benchmarks and took #1. As of 2026, the top 4 models on that leaderboard are still descendants.

The weird finding: single-layer duplication does nothing. Too few layers, nothing. Too many, it gets worse. Only circuit-sized blocks of ~7 layers work. This suggests pretraining carves out discrete functional circuits in the layer stack that only work when preserved whole.

The whole thing was developed on 2x RTX 4090s in my basement. I'm now running current models (GLM-4.7, Qwen3.5, MiniMax M2.5) on a dual GH200 rig (see my other post). Code and new models coming soon.

Happy to answer questions.

I am not really an ml dev so I don't understand most of it. It does sound ridiculous how it would even work work. Brilliant work and great article I enjoyed reading it

This sounds similar to the Kimi's mixture of experts architecture if I understood it correctly(likely I have not), can you comment on this ?

That was a fun read! The base64 decoding and encoding is quite interesting. A parallel: these models are surprisingly robust to heavy word mangling, back in 2023 people used this trick to jailbreak the models very often, but what was more surprising is that they even understand it. I always thought of it this way there must be some circuitry in the model that maps these almost unrecognizable words/sentences into their rectified versions. But what your base64 also shows is the fact thy can also encode them back as well! (However models are known to not be able to produce mangled output that looks convincingly random. I think the base64 transformation is more mechanical in this regard and hence it‘s easier to do the reverse for them.) So your layer circuit hypothesis aligns pretty well with my mental model of how these models work based on the interpretability work I am familiar with! I really also like the way you used the heatmaps as a tool to derive layer insights, very intuitive! But it’s really surprising that you can simply duplicate layers and achieve better results that generalize! This is some research grade effort! I’m confident you could publish this in NeurIPS or ICML if you put it into a paper! I‘m quite impressed! Great work!

Here is a paper that made a similar observation recently:

https://www.alphaxiv.org/abs/2512.19941

Did you ever try multiple copies?

Really interesting discovery, especially the part about base64. Reminds me of this: Transformer Layers as Painters https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.09298

Super cool. Love seeing these writeups of hobbyists getting their hands dirty, breaking things, and then coming out on the other side of it with something interesting.

Isn't this similar to models that have "double check the answer"?

First pass runs your input through, second pass runs it's output as input?

Just, in double check it presumably runs the entire stack while you're trying to skip the translation steps and only double check the logic?

This lines up with what I have seen doing CKA (centered kernel alignment) analysis on transformer internals. The middle layers in most large models have surprisingly similar representations to their neighbors, so duplicating them is basically giving the model extra compute cycles in a region where it is already doing useful refinement without messing up the input/output encoding stages. Curious whether picking layers by representation similarity instead of just a contiguous block would do even better.

This reminds me when people were doing crazy stuff to improve the first Stable Diffusion model by swapping layers, interpolating weights, documenting which layer was most responsible for the quality of the hands etc. At the end the final models had dozens of different ancestors.

I really enjoyed reading this. I feel like generalists intuitively experience this exact thing so much throughout their lives because they must have this neuroanatomy you describe. There’s a certain geometry to knowledge that makes possible for this orthogonal movement and it is really fascinating to me. Thank you for publishing this, you made my day!

very awesome writeup, glad to see someone with access to hw actually playing with this.

Hopefully the cost per GPU will kick-it soon and we'll see people properly play, but frankly the "middle section" layers 2(ish) to (n-1)(ish) of a model can be shuffled up/down and left/right and still perform well.

The fun one will be an LLM router for LLM layers to apply the best reasoning to the best input so far, but frankly that would need the years and years of training that the author hints at.

The one that's still out of grasps is still how to combine/manipulate per-layer k,v caches into a globally coherent state. i.e. if layers can be moved up/down why can't the cached k,v be swapped/combined with different projections? global k,v caches work, but they have to be _huge_ in order to prevent model collapse even on something as simple as owt.

Crazy writeup.

Author is right about the base64 part. Does seem weird that it can decode and understand it at same time. And I guess what makes it weird that we just sorta accept that for say English and German this works ie normal use but when framed as base64 then it suddenly stops feeling intuitive

That's cool. I tried the b64 thing on my local qwen3.5 27b without access to tools and it did it.

Very cool build. I’m always curious with experiments like this — was the biggest bottleneck compute, data curation, or evaluation methodology?

Is this similar to send 48656c6c6f2c20686f772061726520796f753f in the prompt? As done here: https://youtu.be/GiaNp0u_swU?si=m7-LZ7EYxJCw0k1-

Wild stuff and great read

Do you think karpathy's autoresearch would be useful here?