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Things you can do with diodes

https://lcamtuf.substack.com/p/things-you-can-do-with-diodes
183•zdw•7h ago

Comments

jagged-chisel•6h ago
> ... There is a positive charge on the n-side and a negative charge on the p-side.

How completely unintuitive.

Shellban•6h ago
You can blame Benjamin Franklin for that. By the time we figured out the mistake, the standards were set in stone.
dietrichepp•5h ago
It would be like this either way.

The N side has negative charge carriers. It has a positive charge in the depletion region because the charge carriers are missing. Likewise, the P side has positive charge carriers, and when they’re missing, you get a negative charge.

This is true whether we live in the current universe or live in an alternate universe where we say that electrons have positive charge. The depletion region is where the charge carriers are missing (depleted), so you get the opposite charge of whatever the charge carriers are.

dietrichepp•6h ago
Conspicuously absent are some of the analog circuit applications. Here are three of my favorites:

1. Frequency mixer, used for heterodyning, important in radio, so I hear. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_mixer

2. Log converter, where the output voltage is proportional to the logarithm of the input voltage. https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/374440/log-c...

3. Diode ring, which provides variable gain, used in analog compressors like the Neve 33609 (I have a clone of the 33609, and I’m very fond of it)

Think about this: if you have a nonlinear device like a diode, then the dynamic resistance changes depending on the operating point. If you modulate the operating point, you’re modulating the dynamic resistance.

hshdhdhehd•6h ago
From my hobbying decades ago there is also the boring old rectifier to convert AC to a wavy DC.
kennywinker•27m ago
Those are covered in the article
nomel•6h ago
4. Varactors! https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varicap

Reverse biasing a diode at different levels changes the junction capacitance. Also used in radio, for things like variable filters.

edit: oh, it's topped pinned comment!

bob1029•5h ago
Zener diodes can be used as the basis for a quantum random number generator.

https://opg.optica.org/optcon/fulltext.cfm?uri=optcon-1-7-15...

beckler•5h ago
Kinda interesting to hear about. I have a 500 chassis I’m slowly working on filling. I’m between the RND 535 or 543, and had never heard of a diode bridge comp before looking at the 535.

What kind of 33609 clone do you have?

dietrichepp•2h ago
I have the Heritage HA-609A. I considered going 500-series. Maybe some day in the future. For now, I have two preamps and the HA-609A in a 4U rack, and most of my other gear is in storage. Keeping things light.
RossBencina•4h ago
4. Voltage controlled filter, (diode ladder VCF), as used in the Roland TB303
cozzyd•4h ago
And a square law detector!
gblargg•3h ago
Temperature sensor.
liffiton•1h ago
I did this once with a diode when I was a baby electrical engineer in college. But of course you need some kind of measurement circuit. So somehow(???) I figured out I could wire a diode into one axis of my analog Gravis joystick--hooked up to my soundcard--and get a fairly accurate and stable measurement of temperature by poking the monostable multivibrator (pretty sure that's what it was called) in the soundcard that would trigger the time it took to drain a set amount of charge through the joystick's x-axis/now-diode.

Novices who don't have a clue nor know any better come up with the weirdest solutions. I have no clue whatsoever now what inspired me to even try something like that.

summa_tech•3h ago
You could also make a high speed signal sampler.

https://w140.com/tekwiki/wiki/Sampler

temporallobe•1h ago
Clipping diodes are common in distortion effects as well, especially guitar distortion pedals. Examples include silicon, germanium, LEDs, etc.
normel6•24m ago
PIN diode, a diode used as an AC on/off switch by passing current through it, very useful in RF circuits above 1GHz
joconne•20m ago
Diodes are also used as a radiation detector in radiotherapy: https://oncologymedicalphysics.com/diode-detectors/
hshdhdhehd•6h ago
Current/voltage chart looks a lot like a RELU.
CamperBob2•2h ago
That's exactly why it's called a 'rectified' linear unit! It's a half-wave rectifier. The ReLU function is just what you'd see if you put an (ideal) diode on a curve tracer.
Cymen•5h ago
Also missing solar heating from diodes:

> This topic seems to be broadly misunderstood. It is 100% verified fact by both myself and others (including university researchers) that diode strings can produce more heat (or watt-hours, BTU) from a given solar panel than a bare resistance element.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=42XIbHA9Dv0

Retr0id•5h ago
Intriguing, but wouldn't it be even more efficient to just paint something black and let the sun heat it directly?
Scoundreller•5h ago
depends how hot you want to get something
cwillu•4h ago
At the cost of very efficiently radiating that heat back out into space at night.

Making electricity and then using that electricity to heat something elsewhere lets you insulate, effectively allowing you to create a box that heat energy can only pass one way.

jaggederest•2h ago
We have a one-way diode technology for heat, it's called "glass", and it'll bump your efficiency by about 25% versus uncovered flat plates on a still day. More in windy conditions etc, lots of hand waving assumptions about spherical cows in a vacuum etc.
b00ty4breakfast•2h ago
You'd need some kind of storage for the heat, something with a large thermal mass that doesn't readily give up it's heat to the surroundings. Sand or water or even big rocks or a thick slab of concrete.
petermcneeley•3h ago
where is this 'extra' heating coming from?
labcomputer•3h ago
I suspect (didn't watch) it's just that a diode makes a crude MPPT tracker (since a PV array is just a bunch diodes arranged to collect photons at the P-N junctions). The benchmark is probably "non-variable resistor".
nandomrumber•2h ago
From the misleading sound-bites themselves, they’re know to increase conversation metrics.
labcomputer•3h ago
TL;DW: Isn't that just because the diode matches the PV array's max power point, assuming they both use the same technology (e.g., silicon)?

It seems like that depends on the diode string and PV array remaining at approximately the same temperature as heat is dumped into the diode.

wormius•5h ago
I know we're on hacker news, but let's just say I misread the title.
tt_dev•5h ago
Was looking for this comment
devsda•1h ago
And keeping up with the spirit of HN, we would have hopefully learnt something new either way.
uticus•5h ago
> The reason I put “gate” in scare quotes in the illustration is that the circuits are not readily composable to implement more complex digital logic...

Any good suggestions on resources talking about building complex digital logic out of something more suitable?

JKCalhoun•4h ago
They might be referring to RTL (resistor-transistor logic). A transistor in the circuit can maintain the same output current that was input. (A transistor in fact a diode and a half.) RTL was superseded by TTL (transistor-transistor logic) but, hey, the Apollo computers that put astronauts on the Moon used RTL logic.

You could start with the late Don Lancster's book [1].

I have a little "breadboard helper" that I am wrapping up (that includes a project manual) for creating RTL circuits and others [2]. (I hope to sell a few.)

RTL book [1]: https://archive.org/details/RTL_Resistor-Transistor_Logic_Co...

Prototyping [2]: https://cdn.bsky.app/img/feed_fullsize/plain/did:plc:oxjqlam...

cwillu•4h ago
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_family has a list of common families; of particular note is CMOS, which is essentially what modern computing is based on.
_whiteCaps_•2h ago
Bebop To The Boolean Boogie might be useful for you - it's kind of a kids book but the concepts are all well done.
brucehoult•4h ago
He mentions diode logic and points out the drawback of the limited output current, but doesn't mention the obvious solution of a transistor in voltage-follower configuration.

I always thought RTL was pretty nifty, and it was used in a lot of early computers. I think it's a lot less fussy of component values than the earlier RTL.

djmips•4h ago
And here's another that's always fascinated me -> Diode Ladder Filter.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jvNNgUl3al0

iainctduncan•2h ago
Diode ladder filters are a mainstay of old analogue synths... and sound awesome.
skopje•4h ago
forgot adc converter! series diodes tapped at each connection.
kazinator•4h ago
Another one: Baker clamp to speed up a transistor.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_clamp

Flyback diode:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flyback_diode

A diode can switch off an AC source when a battery is present: see second circuit in accepted answer, introduced by, "Alternatively, you can probably get away with just using some schottky diodes:"

https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/71753/whats-...

Also, diodes can be used to provide a controlled discharge path for capacitors when a device is turned off.

The circuit in this EE StackExchange question shows it:

https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/471285/capac...

It has one RC constant when charging and a different RC constant when discharging through the diode.

Why would you want to charge a capacitor slowly when power is applied to the device, but discharge it fast when power is cut? There are various applications for that.

For instance, circuits that control some timed behavior, like holding a CPU chip in a reset state at start up while power stabilizes, and then releasing it. You want that circuit to reset itself quickly if power is lost.

Analog circuits have things like that in them: for instance circuits that mute an audio amplifier on power up for a bunch of milliseconds until a capacitor charges. If the power is cycled, you want that timer to reset itself.

Another application: Log amp: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log_amplifier

This exploits the diode's characteristic V-I exponential curve in amplifier feedback to produce output proportional to the logarithm of the input.

sehugg•4h ago
You can put a small ROM on your board with diodes, for example to store bitmaps, and for style points you can even arrange the diodes in the shape of your bitmaps: https://technologizer.com/2011/12/11/computer-space-and-the-...
ada1981•4h ago
I misread diodes as dildos. :/
petermcneeley•3h ago
Btw you can try these out online with a circuit simulator

https://www.falstad.com/circuit/circuitjs.html

atan2•3h ago
Nice timing. I just saw pikuma's email with his new course on digital electronics and saw this here.
iainctduncan•3h ago
I'ma just leave this bad boy here.... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xNF891FVC6M

AJH Synth Sonic V Diode Ladder Filter. (IMHO AJH make the best eurorack filters out there..)

mitthrowaway2•3h ago
You can extend the voltage doubler idea to even higher voltages with the voltage multiplier:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_multiplier

WorldPeas•2h ago
or.. detecting a nuclear event? https://www.alldatasheet.com/datasheet-pdf/view/124266/MAXWE...
compumike•1h ago
You can simulate a bunch of these (and edit too) in your browser in CircuitLab:

Diode half-wave rectifier https://www.circuitlab.com/editor/4da864/

Diode full-wave (bridge) rectifier https://www.circuitlab.com/editor/f6ex5x/

Diode turn-off time https://www.circuitlab.com/editor/fwr26m/

LED with resistor biasing https://www.circuitlab.com/editor/z79rqm/

Zener diode voltage reference https://www.circuitlab.com/editor/7f3ndq/

Charge Pump Voltage Doubler https://www.circuitlab.com/editor/24t6h3ypc4e5/

Diode Cascade Voltage Multiplier https://www.circuitlab.com/editor/mh9d8k/

(note: I wrote the simulation engine)

dr_kiszonka•1h ago
Looks great! Would you have a recommendation for intro materials to help me learn the basics of electronics using CircuitLab? I have a working understanding of signal processing but building an actual circuit without electrocuting myself, not setting my Raspberry Pi on fire, or selecting the right set of components for the simplest DIY project based on spec sheets are a mystery to me.
compumike•1h ago
Not sure if it’s a fit for what you’re looking for, but maybe https://ultimateelectronicsbook.com/ (maybe more theoretical than practical).

I’ve heard good things about “Practical Electronics for Inventors” but haven’t gone through it myself.

blankx32•1h ago
Lectenna / Rectenna https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectenna
mattclarkdotnet•1h ago
This is excellent but in typical low voltage scenarios (5V or lower) the 600mV diode voltage drop becomes very significant. Simple diode half wave rectification works fine at 100V, but at 3.3V it breaks down.
xxs•33m ago
at that point (and in general) you'd like to use Schottky ones. MOSFETs are an option for low extra efficiency.
TrackerFF•23m ago
If you’re into audio, they can easily be used for distortion. You “clip” the top of the audio wave. Usually in a asymmetrical way, to get more pleasant sounding distortion.

Things you can do with diodes

https://lcamtuf.substack.com/p/things-you-can-do-with-diodes
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